xii Math for Automotive Technicians Case Study 63–Ignition Coil Voltage–Multiplication. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 Case Study 64–Analyzing Compression Tests–Division. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315 Case Study 65–Fuel Trim–Decimal Arithmetic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .320 Case Study 66–Spark Plug Gap–Greater Than and Less Than . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .323 Case Study 67–Fuel Tank Capacity–Fractions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .327 Case Study 68–Pressure–Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .329 Case Study 69–Engine Sensors–Graphs and Tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .332 Case Study 70–Lambda–Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .337 Case Study 71–Vacuum/Pressure Gauge Reading–Measurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . .341 Case Study 72–Module Pinout Diagrams–Analyzing Specifi cations . . . . . . . . . . .345 Unit 8–Driveline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349 Case Study 73–Multi-Disc Clutch Adjustments–Addition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .350 Case Study 74–Driveline Angle Calculation–Subtraction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .354 Case Study 75–Gear Ratio Torque–Multiplication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .357 Case Study 76–Differential Gear Ratios–Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .361 Case Study 77–Hydraulic Pressure–Decimal Arithmetic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .365 Case Study 78–Planetary Gear Set Ratios–Greater Than and Less Than. . . . . . . .369 Case Study 79–Manual Gear Set Ratios–Fractions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .373 Case Study 80–Odometer Distance Values–Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376 Case Study 81–Shift Solenoids–Graphs and Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .379 Case Study 82–Driveline Speed–Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .383 Case Study 83–Gear Backlash–Measurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .387 Case Study 84–Differential Backlash–Analyzing Specifi cations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .390 Unit 9–Air Conditioning and Hybrid Technology . . . . . . 395 Case Study 85–Air Conditioning System Oil–Addition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .396 Case Study 86–Compressor Clutch Air Gap–Subtraction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .399 Case Study 87–Hybrid Vehicle High-Voltage Battery–Multiplication . . . . . . . . . . .402 Case Study 88–Electric Car Speed and Acceleration–Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .404 Case Study 89–Cooling System Boiling Point–Decimal Arithmetic . . . . . . . . . . . .408 Case Study 90–Hybrid Vehicle Payback–Greater Than and Less Than . . . . . . . . .412 Case Study 91–Evaporator and Condenser Area–Fractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416 Case Study 92–Refrigerant Weight–Conversions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 Case Study 93–Air Conditioning System Pressures–Graphs and Tables . . . . . . . .423 Case Study 94–Miles per Gallon Equivalent–Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .427 Case Study 95–Air Conditioning Gauge Reading–Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . .430 Case Study 96–Hybrid Electric Fuel Economy–Analyzing Specifi cations . . . . . . .434 Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .439 Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .446 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .449 Answers to Odd-Numbered Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .455