ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors and publisher would like to thank the following companies, organizations, and individuals for their contribution of resource material, images, or other support in the development of Metallurgy Fundamentals. ADMET, Inc. AFC-Holcroft Air Turbine Tools® Allied High Tech Products, Inc. Allied Sinterings, Inc. American Galvanizers Association Arconic ASARCO ASM International Bahco, a brand of SNAEurope, a Snap-on Company Barbara Robinson Beckwood Press Company Ben Church, Advanced Analysis Facility, UW-Milwaukee Boss Laser, LLC Buehler Ltd. Bunting Bearings, LLC Chapman MFG CHARMANT USA Inc. Chicago White Metal Casting, Inc. Christopher Sklba/Art Metals Studio Cincinnati Incorporated Clock Shadow Creamery Columbus McKinnon Corporation Dart Machinery, Ltd. De re metallica/Project Gutenberg Dienes USA Doug Strom Eastern Catalytic Edgar L. Owen, Ltd. Gallery Elizabeth Ward Fender Corp GE Healthcare Handy & Harman/Lucas Milhaupt, Inc. Harry Jackson Museum Iron Castings Society James P. Riser Joe Mabel John Falk Kohler Co. Kurtz Ersa Larson Electronics LECO Corporation Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division L.S. Starrett Company Mag Specialties, Inc. Manufacturing Technology, Inc. MetalTek International MHI, Inc. Michigan Wheel Mitutoyo/MTI Corp Modine Manufacturing Company Mohawk Electrical Systems, Inc. Molded Magnesium Products, LLC MSA Safety Inc. NDT Specialists Inc. Nidec Press & Automation Norton’s U.S.A. Nucor Corporation Optimum Spring Corp. Peterson Cartridge Company Plymouth Tube Co. Ringbrothers Scot Forge SEHO Systems GmbH Seven Cycles, Inc. Short Span Steel Bridge Alliance Solar Atmospheres Steelwind Industries, Inc. ThermTech Thomas E. Hoffmann United Technologies Corporation—Pratt & Whitney Unitron, Inc. Waupaca Foundry Whirlpool Corporation worldsteel Zimmer Orthopedics The authors and publisher extend special thanks to John Falk for testing the Self-Discovery features to Gerald A. Wilkinson, Scott Larrabee, Dave Olsen, Jason E. Kupkovits, Nathan Liszewski, and Ben Church for reviews of early drafts to William Berezowitz, Edward R. Blessman, William R. Johnson, Roger Jones, Derek Schneider, Elizabeth Ward, Leonard Strom, Barbara Robinson, Matthew Jackson, Tom Hoffman, Bo Wills, J.C. VanWinkle, and Roger Strom for providing photographs and information. Author Jay Warner thanks his wife, Melissa, for her support and contributions to this project. vi