BRIEF CONTENTS Section 1—Introduction to Metallurgy 1 History of Metallurgy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2 Metallurgists and Careers in Metals Industries. . . . . . . . . 16 3 Metallurgy Safety Practices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Section 2—Chemistry and Mechanics of Metals 4 Basic Structure of Metals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 5 Physical and Chemical Properties of Metals . . . . . . . . . . 66 6 Mechanical Properties of Metals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Section 3—Ferrous Metallurgy 7 Production of Steel by Hot-Rolling. . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 8 Production of Steel by Casting, Forging, Extrusion, and Powder Metallurgy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 9 Processing Steel to Finished Products . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 10 Phase Diagrams: The Road Map to Phases and Structures. . . . 198 11 Heat-Treating Steels for Strength, Toughness, and Ductility. . . . 222 12 Heat-Treating Heavy Sections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 13 Surface Heat Treatment and Specialty Alloys. . . . . . . . . 270 14 Production of Cast Iron. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 Section 4—Nonferrous Metallurgy 15 Introduction to Nonferrous Metals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320 16 Aluminum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352 17 Copper, Bronze, and Brass. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374 18 Titanium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390 19 Low-Density Metals: Magnesium, Beryllium, and Lithium. . . . 406 20 High-Density Metals: Zinc, Tin, Lead, Mercury, and Uranium. . . . 420 21 Superalloys and Refractory Metals. . . . . . . . . . . . . .444 22 Noble and Rare Earth Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462 vii