FEATURE CONTENTS PRACTICAL METALLURGY Accounting for Thermal Expansion. . . . . 79 Absorbing Stress and Strain: A Platform Trailer . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Plastic Deformation: A Broken Platform Trailer . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Tensile Strength in Product Specifi cations . . . 100 Ductility: Frame Rails for a Platform Trailer . . . 101 Strength-Related Properties of a Platform Trailer. . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Care of Grinding Wheels . . . . . . . . . . 192 Antifreeze—From Texas to North Dakota . . . 202 Tougher Rails. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 Importance of Proper Quenching Medium . . . 238 Tractor Axle Hardness Depth . . . . . . . .258 Alloy Power Gears for Wind Turbines . . . . 265 The Skill of Surface Hardening . . . . . . . 275 Welding Wrought and Cast Stainless Steels . . . 282 Stainless Steel Used with Food . . . . . . . 283 Annealing Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . 328 Vacuum Chambers and Pumps . . . . . . . 335 Welding Heat-Treated Aluminum . . . . . . 367 Aluminum Heat Exchangers . . . . . . . . 370 UNS C44300 (CDA443) . . . . . . . . . . . 382 Furnace Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398 The Critical Need for Joint Quality in PCBs. . . . 431 Contact Conditions That Cause Computer Crashes. . . . . . . . . . .469 Work-arounds for Computer Contact Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470 SUSTAINABLE METALLURGY Reducing Waste from Ore Processing . . . . 126 Reducing Waste from Smelting . . . . . . . 127 Direct Reduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Using Scrap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Improvements of Modern Steelmaking . . . 132 Reusing Water and Oil . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Recycling Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 Considering the Impact . . . . . . . . . . 195 Water Quenching . . . . . . . . . . . . .236 Quenching Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .238 The Impact of Heat Treatment . . . . . . . 247 Alloy Scrap and Specialty Steels . . . . . . . 263 Surface Treatments . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 Carbonitriding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .280 Reducing Costs and Environmental Impact. . . 285 Tool Steels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .290 Benefi ts of HSLA Steel . . . . . . . . . . . 292 Reuse of Sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .309 Mining Eff ects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 Get the Lead Out. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 Dealing with Red Mud . . . . . . . . . . . 354 Recycled Aluminum . . . . . . . . . . . . 355 Reducing Fluoride Emissions . . . . . . . . 370 Careful Mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376 Low-Lead and Lead-Free Copper Alloys . . .386 Recycling Titanium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403 Magnesium Refi neries . . . . . . . . . . .408 Lithium-Ion Batteries. . . . . . . . . . . . 417 Zinc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423 Tin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427 Lead Contamination in Nahunt Marsh, Iowa. . . . . . . . . . . . . 433 Mercury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437 CFLs and LEDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437 Depleted Uranium . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441 Refractory Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . .448 The Cost of Mining Noble Metals . . . . . .465 Noble and Rare Earth Metals . . . . . . . . 473 SELF-DISCOVERY Safety Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 What Is a Metal? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Mixtures, Solutions, and Phases— Sugar in Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Eff ects of Cold Work on Copper. . . . . . . 90 Yield Point and Elongation in Annealed Metal . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Ductility and Brittleness in Metals. . . . . . 117 Growth of Cracks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 Diff usion in Jello . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 Air in Liquid and Solid Water. . . . . . . . 170 Creep in Solder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350