xxii Modern Automotive Technology
Positive Crankcase Ventilation (PCV) . . . . . . . . . 953
PCV System Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 953
PCV Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 953
Electric PCV Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 954
Oil/Air Separators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 954
Evaporative Emissions Control Systems . . . . . . . 954
Evaporative Emissions System Components 954
Evaporative Emissions Control System
Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 956
Enhanced Evaporative Emissions Control
System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 956
Enhanced Evaporative Emissions Control
System Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 957
Air Cleaner Carbon Element. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 957
Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 957
Vacuum-Controlled EGR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 958
Electronic-Vacuum EGR Valves . . . . . . . . . . . 959
EGR System Variations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 959
Electronic EGR System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 959
Air Injection System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 961
Air Injection System Components . . . . . . . . . 961
Air Injection System Operation . . . . . . . . . . . 962
Pulse Air System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 963
Pulse Air System Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 963
Thermostatic Air Cleaner System. . . . . . . . . . . . . 963
Thermal Vacuum Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 964
Catalytic Converter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 964
Types of Catalytic Converters. . . . . . . . . . . . . 964
Dual-Bed Catalytic Converter Operation . . . 965
Computerized Emission Control Systems. . . . . . 965
Oxygen Sensors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 966
OBD II Emission System Monitoring . . . . . . 970
Diesel Particulate Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 971
Chapter 52
Emission Control System Testing, Service, and
Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 975
Computer-Controlled Emission System Service 975
Scanning Emission Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 975
Emission Maintenance Reminder. . . . . . . . . . . . . 976
Inspecting Emission Control Systems . . . . . . . . . 976
Engine Exhaust Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 977
Exhaust Gas Analyzer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 977
Types of Exhaust Gas Analyzers . . . . . . . . . . 978
Using an Exhaust Gas Analyzer. . . . . . . . . . . 978
Exhaust Gas Analyzer Readings . . . . . . . . . . 979
State Emissions Testing Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . 981
IM 240. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 981
Vehicle Inspection Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 982
Drive Trace Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 982
Vacuum Solenoid Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 984
PCV System Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 987
PCV System Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 987
Evaporative Emissions System Service . . . . . . . . 988
Thermostatic Air Cleaner Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . 989
EGR System Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 990
EGR System Testing (Vacuum Type) . . . . . . . 990
EGR System Testing (Electronic Type) . . . . . 990
Air Injection System Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 991
Testing Air Injection Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . 991
Pulse Air System Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 992
Catalytic Converter Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 992
Testing Catalytic Converter Effi ciency . . . . . 993
Catalyst Replacement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 993
Catalytic Converter Replacement . . . . . . . . . 993
Oxygen Sensor Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 994
Testing Oxygen Sensors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 994
Oxygen Sensor Replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . 995
OBD II Drive Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 996
Emission Control Information Sticker . . . . . . . . . 997
Section 9
Engine Troubleshooting and Performance
Chapter 53
Engine Performance and Driveability. . . . . . . 1005
Locating Engine Performance Problems . . . . . . 1005
Performance Problem Troubleshooting
Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1006
Technical Service Bulletins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1006
Other Sources of Service Information . . . . . 1007
Typical Performance Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1007
No-Crank Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1008
No-Start Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1008
Hard Starting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1010
Stalling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1010
Misfi ring. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1010
Engine Load. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1012
Rough Idle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1012
Hesitation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1013
Stumbling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1013
Surging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1014
Backfi ring. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1014
Dieseling (After-Running, Run-On) . . . . . . 1014
Pinging (Spark Knock). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1014
Vapor Lock. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1014
Fuel Line Freeze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1014
Poor Fuel Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1014
Lack of Engine Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1015
Vacuum and Pressure Gauge Tests. . . . . . . . . . . 1015