xxviii Modern Automotive Technology
Chapter 71
Differential and Rear Drive Axle Diagnosis,
Service, and Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1423
Rear Axle Problem Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1423
Eliminate other Problem Sources . . . . . . . . . 1423
Problem Isolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1423
Common Rear Axle Assembly Problems . . 1424
Differential Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1425
Rear Axle Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1425
Solid Axle Removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1426
Axle Bearing Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1426
Rear Axle Seal Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1427
Axle Stud Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1428
Rear Axle Installation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1428
Measuring Axle End Play . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1428
CV Axle Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1428
Differential Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1430
Differential Removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1430
Differential Disassembly and Reassembly . 1431
Limited-Slip Differential Service . . . . . . . . . 1432
Differential Measurements
and Adjustments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1432
Chapter 72
Transaxle and Front Drive Axle Technology. . 1442
Transaxle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1442
Transverse Engine Transaxle. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1443
Longitudinal Engine Transaxle. . . . . . . . . . . 1443
Manual Transaxle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1444
Manual Transaxle Clutch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1444
Drive Chain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1444
Manual Transaxle Transmission. . . . . . . . . . 1445
Transaxle Differential. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1445
Manual Transaxle Power Flow. . . . . . . . . . . 1446
Automatic Transaxle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1447
Automatic Transaxle Power Flow . . . . . . . . 1447
Transaxle Electronic Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . 1450
Continuously Variable Transaxle . . . . . . . . . 1453
Independent Drive Axle Assembly . . . . . . . . . . 1454
CV Axle Shafts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1455
CV Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1455
CV Joint Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1456
CV Joint Boots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1456
Chapter 73
Transaxle and Front Drive Axle Diagnosis and
Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1461
Transaxle Problem Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1461
On-Board Diagnostics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1461
Manual Transaxle Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1461
Automatic Transaxle Problems. . . . . . . . . . . 1462
Front Drive Axle Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1463
Transaxle Maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1463
Checking Transaxle Lubricant . . . . . . . . . . . 1463
Changing Transaxle Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1464
External Transaxle Adjustments. . . . . . . . . . 1464
Front Drive Axle Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1464
Front Drive Axle Removal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1465
Transaxle CV Joint Replacement . . . . . . . . . 1465
Installing a Front Drive Axle. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1468
Transaxle Removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1469
Transaxle Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1472
Transaxle Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1472
Transaxle Solenoid Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1472
Section 12
Suspension and Steering Technology
Chapter 74
Tire, Wheel, and Wheel Bearing
Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1483
Tires. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1483
Parts of a Tire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1483
Tire Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1484
Tire Markings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1484
Special Tires and Tire Features . . . . . . . . . . . 1487
Asymmetric Tires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1487
Directional Tires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1488
Wheels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1490
Safety Rims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1491
Valve Stems and Cores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1491
Lug Nuts, Studs, and Bolts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1491
Wheel Weights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1492
Hub and Wheel Bearing Assemblies . . . . . . . . . 1492
Hub and Wheel Bearing Assembly:
Tapered Roller Bearings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1493
Hub and Wheel Bearing Assembly:
Ball or Straight Roller Bearings . . . . . . . 1494
Other Hub and Wheel Bearing Assemblies . . 1495
Chapter 75
Tire, Wheel, and Wheel Bearing Diagnosis,
Service, and Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1500
Tire, Wheel, and Wheel Bearing Diagnosis. . . . 1500
Tire Impact Damage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1500
Tire Wear Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1501
Tire Infl ation Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1501
Tire Vibration Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1502
Tire and Wheel Bearing Noise . . . . . . . . . . . 1502
Wheel Cover and Cap Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1504