Modern Automotive Technology xxix
Tire Maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1504
Periodic Inspection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1504
Checking Tire Infl ation Pressure . . . . . . . . . 1504
Rotating Tires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1505
Torquing Lug Nuts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1505
Replacing Lug Studs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1506
Measuring Tire and Wheel Runout . . . . . . . . . . 1506
Wheel Balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1507
Wheel Balancing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1508
Wheel Balancing Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1509
Mounting and Dismounting Tires . . . . . . . . . . . 1509
Tire Puncture Repair. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1510
Tire Pressure Monitoring System Service . . 1512
Wheel Bearing Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1513
Servicing Wheel Bearings
(Tapered Roller Bearings). . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1513
Servicing Wheel Bearings
(Ball or Straight Roller Bearings) . . . . . . . 1514
Replacing Nonserviceable Hub
and Bearing Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1517
Chapter 76
Suspension System Technology. . . . . . . . . . . 1524
Functions of a Suspension System . . . . . . . . . . . 1524
Basic Suspension System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1524
Types of Suspension Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1525
Independent Suspension. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1525
Nonindependent Suspension . . . . . . . . . . . . 1525
Understeer and Oversteer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1525
Lateral Acceleration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1526
Suspension System Springs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1526
Coil Springs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1526
Leaf Springs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1526
Air Springs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1527
Torsion Bars (Springs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1527
Suspension Spring Specifi cations. . . . . . . . . 1528
Suspension System Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . 1528
Control Arms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1528
Strut Rod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1528
Ball Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1529
Shock Absorbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1529
Strut Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1530
Sway Bar (Stabilizer Bar). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1531
Track Rod (Lateral Control Rod) . . . . . . . . . 1532
Jounce Bumpers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1532
Long-Short Arm Suspension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1533
Torsion Bar Suspension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1533
MacPherson Strut Suspension. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1533
Pickup Truck Suspension Systems . . . . . . . . . . . 1534
Rear Suspension Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1534
Dead Axle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1534
Semi-Independent Suspension. . . . . . . . . . . 1534
Independent Rear Suspension . . . . . . . . . . . 1534
Suspension Leveling Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1534
Manual Suspension Leveling System . . . . . 1535
Automatic Suspension Leveling System. . . 1535
Electronic Height Control System . . . . . . . . 1536
Electronic Suspension System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1539
Active Suspension System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1540
Chapter 77
Suspension System Diagnosis and Repair . . 1546
Suspension System Diagnosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1546
Shock Absorber Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1546
Checking Shock Absorber Condition . . . . . 1547
Replacing Shock Absorbers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1547
Air- and Gas-Charged Shock Service . . . . . 1548
Suspension Spring Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1549
Curb Height and Curb Weight . . . . . . . . . . . 1549
Coil Spring Replacement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1549
Leaf Spring Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1551
Torsion Bar Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1551
Ball Joint Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1552
Ball Joint Lubrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1552
Checking Ball Joint Wear. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1553
Ball Joint Replacement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1554
Suspension Bushing Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1555
Checking Bushing Wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1555
Bushing Replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1555
MacPherson Strut Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1556
Strut Removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1558
Strut Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1559
Wheel Alignment Is Needed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1559
Computerized Suspension Diagnosis . . . . . . . . 1561
Height Sensor Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1561
Compressor Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1561
Electronically-Controlled Shock Service . . . 1561
Chapter 78
Steering System Technology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1569
Functions of a Steering System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1569
Basic Steering Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1569
Basic Linkage Steering. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1570
Basic Rack-and-Pinion Steering . . . . . . . . . . 1570
Steering Column Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1570
Ignition Lock and Switch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1571
Locking Steering Wheel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1571
Collapsible Steering Column . . . . . . . . . . . . 1571
Tilt Steering Columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1571
Steering Gear Principles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1572
Recirculating-Ball Gearbox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1572
Gearbox Ratio (Steering Gear Reduction). . 1573
Variable- and Constant-Ratio Gearboxes . . 1574
Worm-and-Roller Steering Gearbox . . . . . . 1574