xxx Modern Automotive Technology
Steering Linkage (Worm-type Gearbox) . . . . . . 1574
Pitman Arm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1574
Center Link (Relay Rod) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1574
Idler Arm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1574
Steering Damper. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1574
Tie-Rod Assemblies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1574
Manual Rack-and-Pinion Steering . . . . . . . . . . . 1575
Steering Shaft, Flexible Coupling,
and Universal Joint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1575
Rack-and-Pinion Steering Gear . . . . . . . . . . 1576
Rack-and-Pinion Tie-Rod Assemblies . . . . . 1576
Power Steering Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1577
Power Steering Pumps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1577
Pressure-Relief Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1581
Power Steering Hoses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1581
Linkage-Type Power Steering Systems . . . . . . . 1581
Power Rack-and-Pinion Steering . . . . . . . . . . . . 1581
Power Cylinder and Piston. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1582
Power Rack-and-Pinion Control Valves . . . 1582
Power Rack-and-Pinion Operation . . . . . . . 1583
Electronic Steering Assist. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1583
Proportional Rack-and-Pinion
Power Steering. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1585
Four-Wheel Steering Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1587
Chapter 79
Steering System Diagnosis and Repair . . . . . 1593
Steering System Problem Diagnosis. . . . . . . . . . 1593
Steering Wheel Play . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1593
Hard Steering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1594
Steering System Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1594
Steering System Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1594
Checking Power Steering Fluid . . . . . . . . . . 1595
Servicing Power Steering Belts. . . . . . . . . . . 1595
Steering Column Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1596
Steering Wheel Removal
and Replacement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1596
Steering Column Joint Replacement . . . . . . 1596
Manual Steering Gearbox Service (Recirculating-
Ball Type). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1596
Manual Steering Gearbox Adjustment . . . . 1596
Manual Steering Gearbox Overhaul . . . . . . 1598
Steering Linkage Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1599
Idler Arm Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1599
Tie-Rod Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1600
Inner Tie-Rod End Service—
Rack-and-Pinion Steering . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1600
Manual Rack-and-Pinion Service . . . . . . . . . . . . 1600
Manual Rack-and-Pinion Lubrication. . . . . 1601
Manual Rack-and-Pinion Gear Adjustment. . 1601
Manual Rack-and-Pinion Gear Removal . . 1601
Manual Rack-and-Pinion Gear Overhaul . . 1602
Power Steering System Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1602
Power Steering Leaks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1602
Servicing Power Steering Hoses. . . . . . . . . . 1602
Power Steering Pressure Test . . . . . . . . . . . . 1603
Power Steering Pump Service. . . . . . . . . . . . 1605
Power Steering Gear Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1605
Bleeding a Power Steering System. . . . . . . . 1605
Electronic Assist Steering Service. . . . . . . . . 1605
Chapter 80
Wheel Alignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1616
Wheel Alignment Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1616
Caster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1616
Caster and Road Crown Effect . . . . . . . . . . . 1618
Camber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1618
Camber Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1618
Toe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1619
Rear-Wheel-Drive Toe Settings. . . . . . . . . . . 1619
Front-Wheel-Drive Toe Settings . . . . . . . . . . 1619
Steering Axis Inclination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1619
Setback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1620
Toe-Out on Turns (Turning Radius) . . . . . . . . . . 1620
Tracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1620
Prealignment Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1621
Reading Tire Wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1621
Checking Setback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1621
Cradle Alignment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1623
Adjusting Wheel Alignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1624
Caster Adjustment Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1624
Camber Adjustment Methods . . . . . . . . . . . 1624
Toe Adjustment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1624
Centering Steering Wheel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1624
Adjusting Rear Wheel Alignment . . . . . . . . 1624
Wheel Alignment Tools and Equipment . . . . . . 1624
Turning Radius Gauges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1626
Caster-Camber Gauge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1627
Tram Gauge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1628
Alignment Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1629
Alignment Equipment Software . . . . . . . . . 1629
Alignment Heads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1629
Using Alignment Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . 1629
Road Test after Alignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1633