xxv Chapter 42 Gasoline Injection Diagnosis and Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 743 Gasoline Injection Problem Diagnosis . . . . . . 743 On-Board Diagnostics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 744 Inspecting the Fuel Injection System . . . . . . . . 745 Fuel Injector Sounds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745 OBD II Fuel System Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . 747 OBD II Oxygen Sensor Monitoring. . . . . . . . . . 747 Scan Tool Fuel Trim Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 747 Fuel System Tests. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 748 OBD Fuel Injection System Tests . . . . . . . . . . . 748 Fuel Injector Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 748 Fuel Injector Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 748 Fuel Injector Operating Voltages. . . . . . . . . . . . 749 Fuel Injector Scope Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 749 Fuel Injector Scope Waveforms . . . . . . . . . . . . 749 Fuel Injector Noid Light Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .753 Fuel Injector Balance Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . .754 Relieving EFI System Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . .754 On-Car Injector Flow Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .756 Fuel Injector Impedance Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . .757 Replacing Multiport Fuel Injectors . . . . . . . . .758 Replacing Direct Fuel Injectors . . . . . . . . . . . .759 Electronic Fuel Injector Cleaning . . . . . . . . . .759 Fuel Pressure Regulator Service. . . . . . . . . . .760 Testing the Fuel Pressure Regulator. . . . . . . . .760 Fuel System Sensor Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . .761 Oxygen Sensor Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .761 Throttle Position Sensor Service . . . . . . . . . . .764 Manifold Absolute Pressure Sensor Service. . .765 Engine Coolant Temperature Sensor Service . . .765 Intake Air Temperature Sensor Service . . . . . .766 Mass Airflow Sensor Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . .766 Servicing Other EFI Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . .767 Control Module Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .767 ECM Scan Tool Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .767 Idle Speed Motor Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .767 Idle Air Control Valve Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . .767 Multiport Throttle Body Service . . . . . . . . . . .768 Chapter 43 Diesel Injection Fundamentals . . . . 773 Diesel and Gasoline Engine Differences . . . .773 Basic Mechanical Injection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 774 Diesel Injection Pumps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .775 Diesel Injection Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .776 Diesel Injector Nozzles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .776 Glow Plugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .779 Diesel Injection Timing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .779 Diesel Injection System Accessories . . . . . . .780 Water Detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .780 Fuel Heater. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .780 Block Heater. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .780 Vacuum Pump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .781 Computer-Controlled Diesel System . . . . . . .781 Chapter 44 Diesel Injection Diagnosis, Service, and Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 785 Diesel Injection Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . .785 Diesel Injection Diagnosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .785 Engine Scanning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .786 Abnormal Exhaust Smoke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .786 Excessive Knock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .787 Engine Miss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .787 Engine No-Start Condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .787 Lack of Power. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .787 Poor Fuel Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .787 Injection Cleanliness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .787 Testing Diesel Injection Operation . . . . . . . . . .788 Diesel Injection Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .789 Injector Nozzle Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .789 Glow Plug Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .793 Injection Pump Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .793 Computerized Diesel Injection Service. . . . . . .794 Diesel Injection Service Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . .794 Chapter 45 Exhaust System Technology and Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 797 Exhaust System Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .797 Exhaust System Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .797 Exhaust Back Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .798 Single and Dual Exhaust Systems . . . . . . . . . .799 Exhaust Manifold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .799 Exhaust Pipes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .800 Heat Shields. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .800 Catalytic Converter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .800 Muffler. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 801 Exhaust System Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 801 Exhaust System Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 801 Catalytic Converter Temperature Check . . . . . .802 Exhaust System Back Pressure Test . . . . . . . .802 Engine Vacuum Test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .802 Exhaust System Repairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .803 Stainless Steel Exhaust System Repairs . . . . .805