xxxviii Modern Automotive Technology ABS Speed Sensor Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1663 ABS Modulator Check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1665 ABS Modulator Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1666 Regenerative Braking Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . .1666 ABS Bleeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1667 ABS Wet Pavement Test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1667 Traction and Stability Control System Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1668 Final System Check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1669 Section 14 Heating and Air Conditioning Technology Chapter 83 Heating and Air Conditioning Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1673 Principles of Refrigeration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1674 States of Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1674 Heat and Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1674 Methods of Heat Transfer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1674 Heat Movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1675 Heat Measurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1675 Vaporization and Evaporation. . . . . . . . . . . . .1675 Condensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1675 Pressure and Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1675 Refrigerant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1675 Basic Refrigeration Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1676 Automotive Air Conditioning System . . . . . .1677 High and Low Sides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1677 Air Conditioning Compressor . . . . . . . . . . . . .1677 Compressor Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1680 Refrigerant Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1681 Refrigerant Hoses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1681 Air Conditioning Condenser . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1683 Receiver-Drier. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1683 Accumulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1683 Muffler. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1684 Evaporator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1684 Air Conditioning System Controls . . . . . . . .1684 Expansion Tube A/C System . . . . . . . . . . . . .1684 Expansion Valve A/C System . . . . . . . . . . . . .1684 Other A/C System Controls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1685 Service Valves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1687 Heating System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1687 Heating and Air Conditioning Controls . . . .1687 Manual Temperature Control . . . . . . . . . . . . .1688 Automatic Temperature Control . . . . . . . . . . .1688 Ducts and Vents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1689 Passenger Compartment Filters . . . . . . . . . .1691 Solar Ventilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1691 Hybrid Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1691 Chapter 84 Heating and Air Conditioning Diagnosis, Service, and Repair . . . 1697 Inspecting an Air Conditioning System . . . .1697 Scanning the A/C System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1697 Checking Line Temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . .1698 Inspecting the Sight Glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1698 Refrigerant Safety Precautions . . . . . . . . . . .1699 R-134a Service Differences . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1699 Testing an Air Conditioning System . . . . . . . 1701 Pressure Gauge (Manifold) Assembly . . . . . . 1701 Service Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1701 Connecting A/C Pressure Gauges . . . . . . . . .1702 Static A/C Pressure Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . .1702 Performance Testing A/C System . . . . . . . . . .1702 Locating A/C System Leaks . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1706 Recovering Refrigerant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1707 Common A/C Component Problems. . . . . . .1708 Evaporator Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1708 Compressor Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1709 Condenser Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1710 Receiver-Drier Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1710 Expansion Valve or Tube Problems. . . . . . . . . 1710 Thermostat Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1710 Refrigerant Line Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1710 Evacuating an Air Conditioning System. . . . 1711 Charging an Air Conditioning System . . . . . 1711 Charging Station. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1713 Adding Refrigerant Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1714 A/C System Service Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1714 Heater Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1714 Checking Heater Coolant Flow. . . . . . . . . . . . 1714 Flushing the Heater Core . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1714 Heater Core Replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1715 Blower Motor Replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1715 Checking Air Control Doors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1716 Electronic Climate Control Service. . . . . . . . 1716