xxviii Connector Electrical Values. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 758 Electromagnetic Interference. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 760 Digital Thermometer Tests. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 761 Finding Temperature-Related Problems. . . . . . . . . . 761 Dynamometer Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 761 Using an Oscilloscope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 762 Reading the Scope Screen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 762 Scope Sweep Rate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 762 Ignition System Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 763 Computer System Scope Tests. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 765 Section 10 Engine Service and Repair Chapter 55 Engine Mechanical Problems. . . . . . . . . . . 775 Why Is Diagnosis Important?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 775 Common Engine Mechanical Problems . . . . . . . . . 775 Engine Smoke. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 776 Engine Pre-Teardown Inspection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 776 Testing Engine Mechanical Conditions. . . . . . . . . . 778 Cranking Balance Test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 778 Cylinder Balance Test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 778 Compression Test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 779 Wet Compression Test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 781 Cylinder Leakage Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 782 Deciding the Type of Engine Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . 783 Evaluating Engine Mechanical Problems. . . . . . . . 783 Engine Gasket Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783 Leaking Intake Manifold Gasket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783 Leaking Exhaust Manifold Gasket. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783 Leaking Cam Cover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783 Part Warpage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783 Cylinder Head Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783 Cracked Cylinder Head. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783 Valve Train Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783 Valve Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783 Camshaft Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 786 Hydraulic Lifter or Follower Problems . . . . . . . . . . . 787 Rocker Arm Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 787 Valve Spring Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 787 Push Rod Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 788 Camshaft Timing Mechanism Problems. . . . . . . . . 788 Cylinder Block Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 789 Connecting Rod Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 790 Bent Connecting Rod. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 790 Broken Connecting Rod. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 790 Connecting Rod Bore Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 790 Piston Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 790 Burned Piston. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 791 Worn Piston Rings and Cylinders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 792 Piston Breakage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 792 Piston Knock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 792 Piston Pin Knock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 792 Crankshaft and Bearing Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . 792 Connecting Rod Bearing Knock. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 792 Spun Rod Bearing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 792 Main Bearing Knock. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 792 Worn Main Bearings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 793 Excessive Crankshaft End Play. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 793 Flywheel and Flexplate Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 794 Crankshaft Vibration Damper Problems. . . . . . . . . . 794 Engine Mount Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 794 Checking Engine Mounts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 794 Intake and Exhaust Manifold Problems. . . . . . . . . 794 Chapter 56 Engine Removal, Disassembly, and Cleaning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 799 Engine Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 799 Identify Engine Type. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 799 Vehicle Identification Number. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 800 Part Measurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 800 Is Engine Removal Necessary?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 800 In-Vehicle Repairs. ..........................801 Repairs Requiring Engine Removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . 802 Engine Overhaul. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 802 Parts Replaced or Reconditioned. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 802 Preparing for Engine Removal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 802 Removing the Transmission with the Engine. . . . . 804 Engine Removal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 804 Installing the Lifting Fixture or Chain. . . . . . . . . . . . 805 Lifting the Engine from the Vehicle. . . . . . . . . . . . . 806 Lowering the Engine from the Vehicle. . . . . . . . . . . 807 Separating the Engine and Transmission/ Transaxle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 807 Placing the Engine on an Engine Stand. . . . . . . . . . 807 Engine Disassembly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 807 Engine Top End Disassembly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 808 Engine Front End Disassembly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 810 Cylinder Head Disassembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 811 Engine Bottom End Disassembly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 812 Cleaning Engine Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 815 Scraping Off Gaskets and Hard Deposits. . . . . . . . . 815 Cleaning Threads. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 815 Power Cleaning Tools. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 816 Cleaning Solvents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 816