8
6. Building Layout  149
6.1 Plot Plan  149
6.2 Measuring Tapes  151
6.3 Establishing Building Lines  151
6.4 Laying Out with Leveling
Instruments  152
6.5 Using the Instruments  157
6.6 Laser Systems  164
Section 2 Footings,
Foundations, and Framing
7. Footings and Foundations  169
7.1 Clearing the Site  170
7.2 Laying Out Building Lines  170
7.3 Excavation  172
7.4 Foundation Systems  173
7.5 Erecting Wall Forms  181
7.6 Concrete  188
7.7 Ordering Concrete  192
7.8 Placing Concrete  193
7.9 Concrete Block Foundations  194
7.10 Insulating Block Walls  200
7.11 Backfilling  202
7.12 ICF Foundation and Wall Systems  203
7.13 Slab-on-Grade Construction  205
7.14 Basement Floors  209
7.15 Entrance Platforms and Stairs  211
7.16 Sidewalks, Steps, and Drives  212
7.17 Wood Foundations  213
7.18 Cold Weather Construction  215
7.19 Insect Protection  216
7.20 Estimating Materials  218
8. Floor Framing  223
8.1 Types of Framing  224
8.2 Girders and Beams  227
8.3 Sill Construction  232
8.4 Joists  235
8.5 Special Framing Problems  242
8.6 Open-Web Floor Trusses  244
8.7 Solid-Web Trusses  245
8.8 Subfloors  247
8.9 Estimating Materials  250
9. Wall and Ceiling Framing  253
9.1 Parts of the Wall Frame  254
9.2 Plate Layout  258
9.3 Wall Sections  261
9.4 Erecting Wall Sections  263
9.5 Partitions  265
9.6 Tri-Level and Split-Level Framing  271
9.7 Special Framing  271
9.8 Wall Sheathing  273
9.9 Multistory Floor Framing  273
9.10 Strongbacks  277
9.11 Housewrap and Building Paper  277
9.12 Estimating Materials  279
10. Roof Framing  283
10.1 Roof Types  284
10.2 Roof Supports  285
10.3 Parts of Roof Frame  286
10.4 Layout Terms and Principles  287
10.5 Unit Measurements  289
10.6 Framing Plans  289
10.7 Rafter Sizes  290
10.8 Laying Out Common Rafters  290
10.9 Erecting a Gable Roof  294
10.10 Gable End Frame  296
10.11 Hip and Valley Rafters  298
10.12 Erecting Jack Rafters  306
10.13 Special Problems  307
10.14 Roof Openings  308
10.15 Roof Anchorage  308
10.16 Collar Ties  308
10.17 Dormers  310
10.18 Framing Flat Roofs  311
10.19 Gambrel Roof  312
10.20 Mansard Roofs  312
10.21 Special Framing  313
10.22 Roof Truss Construction  314
10.23 Bracing of Truss Rafters  317
10.24 Roof Sheathing  318
10.25 Estimating Materials  324
10.26 Model and Small-Scale Construction  325
11. Framing with Steel  329
11.1 Steel Framing  329
11.2 Framing Floors  333
11.3 Framing Walls and Ceilings  336
11.4 Framing Roofs  339