7.9 Special Shapes.................................132 7.10 Hollow Masonry Units (Tile). ..............134 7.11 Architectural Terra Cotta...................138 Chapter 8 Concrete Masonry Units...........................152 8.1 How Concrete Masonry Units Are Made...............................................152 8.2 Classification of Concrete Masonry Units................................................154 8.3 Metric Concrete Masonry Units.........170 Chapter 9 Stone.........................................................173 9.1 Classification of Stone.......................174 9.2 Grades of Stone................................178 9.3 Stone Surface Finishes. .....................179 9.4 Stone Wall Patterns. ..........................179 9.5 Stone Applications............................181 9.6 Manufactured Stone.........................181 Chapter 10 Mortar and Grout......................................186 10.1 Mortar Materials...............................186 10.2 Measuring Mortar Materials. ..............188 10.3 Mixing Mortar...................................188 10.4 Mortar Properties. .............................190 10.5 Mortar Proportions and Uses............191 10.6 Coloring Mortar. ................................194 10.7 Climactic Conditions. .........................195 10.8 Estimating Mortar Quantities.............196 10.9 Grout. ...............................................197 Chapter 11 Anchors, Ties, and Reinforcement...........204 11.1 Metal Ties or Wires...........................204 11.2 Reinforcing Rods or Bars. ..................209 11.3 Anchors...........................................212 11.4 Joint Reinforcement..........................213 Section 4 Techniques Chapter 12 Laying Brick..............................................219 12.1 Basic Operations..............................219 12.2 Related Tasks...................................225 12.3 Laying Common Brick Walls..............230 12.4 Advanced and Specialized Brickwork.........................................249 12.5 Cleaning New Masonry.....................251 Chapter 13 Laying Block. .............................................257 13.1 Planning and Site Preparation. ...........257 13.2 Types of Concrete Masonry Walls......259 13.3 Basic Operations..............................263 13.4 Laying Concrete Block Walls. .............268 13.5 Cleaning Concrete Block Masonry.....281 Chapter 14 Stonemasonry...........................................284 14.1 Basic Operations..............................284 14.2 Types of Stonemasonry Construction.....................................291 14.3 Limestone Panels.............................299 14.4 Keeping Clean and Cleaning New Masonry...................................304 Section 5 Construction Details Chapter 15 Foundation Systems.................................309 15.1 Foundations and Footings.................309 15.2 Spread Foundations..........................310 15.3 Foundation Walls..............................313 xiv