xv SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION TO METALWORKING 1 Introduction to Manufacturing......................... 2 2 Careers in Metalworking ................................ 16 3 Safety Practices ............................................. 32 4 Classifying Metals .......................................... 44 5 Understanding Drawings ............................... 66 6 Measurement ................................................ 86 7 Layout Work ................................................ 118 8 Hand Tools ................................................... 134 9 Hand Tools That Cut ..................................... 152 10 Hand Threading ........................................... 168 11 Fasteners..................................................... 182 SECTION 2 CASTING 12 Sand Casting ............................................... 198 13 Metal Casting Techniques ............................. 214 14 Powder Metallurgy ...................................... 232 SECTION 3 SHEET METAL AND METAL FORMING 15 Sheet Metal................................................. 240 16 Metal Spinning ............................................ 260 17 Cold Forming Metal Sheet ............................ 274 18 Forging........................................................ 290 19 Extrusion Processes...................................... 306 SECTION 4 MACHINING 20 Sawing and Cutoff Machines ........................ 314 21 Drills and Drilling Machines .......................... 326 22 Grinding ...................................................... 351 23 Metal Lathe ................................................. 374 24 Other Lathe Operations................................ 408 25 Cutting Tapers and Screw Threads on a Lathe ........................................................ 422 26 Milling Machines ......................................... 440 27 Introduction to Computer Numerical Control and Automation .......................................... 478 28 Introduction to CNC Programming and Machining ................................................... 496 29 Nontraditional Machining Techniques .......... 522 SECTION 5 WELDING 30 Soldering and Brazing .................................. 537 31 Gas Welding ................................................ 550 32 Shielded Metal Arc Welding.......................... 566 33 Other Welding Processes .............................. 578 SECTION 6 OTHER METALWORKING APPLICATIONS 34 Heat Treatment of Metals ............................. 593 35 Quality Control ............................................ 608 36 Metal Finishes ............................................. 620 37 Art Metal ..................................................... 636 38 Wrought Metal ............................................ 650