iii Modern Metalworking emphasizes the important place metals occupy in g our everyday lives it explores numerous metalworking career opportunities. This textbook is designed to provide a broad experience in metalworking through the use of tools, machines, and materials that are basic to this impor- tant area of industry. Both hand- and machine-tool operations are covered, as well as background knowledge on industrial equipment and processes. Metal is used for many different purposes. It is used to manufacture such items as jet and rocket engines, where the material must withstand tre- mendous heat. It is used to make mammoth earth movers, where toughness is a necessity. Metal is also used to build aircraft, where lightweight and indestructible materials are required. Metals are used to make things of beauty such as jewelry, tableware, furniture, and works of art. The fuel that powers nuclear power plants and oceangoing vessels is a metal. Only a few pounds are needed to generate enough power to propel a submarine or aircraft carrier around the world. Still another combination of metals has the unique ability to convert sunlight to electrical energy. A thin layer of metal, only a microinch (1/1,000,000″) thick, makes it possible for a computer to make split-second computations. Metals have been used in some way during the production of almost everything we eat, see, feel, hear, smell, and touch. With so much of our daily life depending upon metals, it is essential that we learn more about them: about how they are worked and the industries that use them. With all of this in mind, it is not difficult to answer the question, “Why study metals?” Preface SAFETY NOTICE SAFETY NOTICE general, methods of performing given operations. Use special tools and equip- ment as recommended. Carefully follow all Safety Notes listed throughout the text. Be aware that these notes are not exhaustive. Proceed with care, and under proper supervision, to minimize the risk of personal injury or injury to others. Safety equipment may have been removed or opened on some illustra- tions to clearly show a machine function and must be in place before operation.