Test Your Knowledge Answer the following questions using the information provided in this chapter. 1. Name three basic types of lavatories. 2. A lavatory or sink _____ is used to support a ledge-type sink or lavatory. A. bracket B. hanger C. pedestal D. post 3. Bathtubs are made from _____. A. enameled cast iron B. enameled steel C. fiberglass-reinforced plastic D. All of the above. 4. Bathtubs are available in three standard lengths. These lengths are _____. A. 4′, 4′-6″, and 5′ B. 4′-6″, 5′, and 5′-6″ C. 5′, 5′-6″, and 6′ D. 5′-6″, 6′, and 6′-6″ 5. Hot water is always controlled by the _____ faucet handle. 6. Name the three basic types of toilets. 7. Urinals are generally fitted with _____ valves. A. ball B. flush C. gate D. float Suggested Activities 1. Study catalogs from several plumbing fixture manufacturers’ websites to learn about the following: A. Variety of sinks and lavatories available and how the rough-in dimensions may vary. B. Variety of toilets available and how their rough-in dimensions may vary. C. Different types of bathtubs and showers available and how each installation may differ. 2. Invite a sales representative to discuss the merits of the different types of plumbing fixtures. 3. Invite a plumbing maintenance contractor to discuss the quality of various types of plumbing fixtures. 192 Section 2 Plumbing Systems Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. your hands while opening and closing the ladder. Spreaders are the metal devices that hold the legs in the open position. The legs should be sturdy and well braced. Stepladders range from 4′ to 16′ in length. A step stool or platform, Figure 7-10, is very useful when installing pipe and fittings overhead in a room with 8’ or lower ceilings. Although the step stool is easier to move, the platform provides additional room to stand. Articulated ladders, Figure 7-11, have hinged joints, enabling them to be used in a variety of configurations. They are generally more expensive than other types of ladders, but their fllexibilityt makes them desirable. length. An extension ladder’s size is determined by adding the length of all its sections. Type I (industrial grade) extension ladders are available in two-section models made of wood or metal up to 60′ in length. Three-section Type I metal exten- sion ladders may be as long as 72′. An extension ladder cannot be extended its total length. It is important to have sufficient overlap between sections. A stepladder is a self-supporting, nonadjust- able ladder, Figure 7-9. It has flat steps and a hinged back that folds against the steps during transport. A rack near the top step holds tools and other lightweight equipment. Good-quality step- ladders have steel spreaders that will not injure Africa Studio/Shutterstock.com Figure 7-7. A single ladder has only one section. Werner Co. Figure 7-8. Extension ladders have two or more sections. A rope to assist in extending the sections is desirable. Stepladder: A self-supporting,, nonadjustable ladder that can range from 4′ to 16′ in lengtth. Step stool: Ladder thatt is easy to move and very usef when installing pipe an nd fitttings oveerhead in a room with 8′ or lower ceilings.. Platform: Ladder thatt provides additional room to stand when installing pipe and fittingss oveerhead in a room with 8′ or lower ceilings.. Articulated ladders: Ladders thatt have hingeed joints,, enabling them to be used in a varietyy of configurations.. 116 Section 1 Introduction to Plumbing Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.It Designed to reinforce the material covered in the chapter. Test Your Knowledge Questions Various tasks designed to help the reader gain competence in the trade. Suggested Activities Identify procedures that can result in personal injury or damage if the proper safety measures are not followed. Safety Notes Provide supplemental information and hints related to the components or procedures discussed in the text. Professional Tips Present installation or repair techniques in an easy-to- follow, step-by-step format. Procedures help promote a logical approach to common plumbing tasks. Procedures h ey a r e ge n e r a ll y m o r e e xp e n s i ve o f l a dd e r s, b u t t h e ir f e xi b ili y r ab l e. -s up p o r t i n g n o n a d j u s ta b l e l a dd e r m 4 ′ to 1 6 ′ in l e n g h . t h a i s eas y t o m o ve a ncountertopfull d ve r y u s e u p e a d fi t in gs ov r h ea d i n a r oo m ili ng s t h a pr o v i d es a d di t i o n a l r oo m t o i n g pi p e a n d fi tt i n g ov r h e a d in o we r c e ili ng s rs: r r r s s s s s s : : : L a dd e r s t h a h a ve hi n g d j o i n t s e u se d in a va ri et o f c o nf i g ur at i o n s Co py rig5.htInstall Goodheart-Wnewoxfixture. illc C o ., Inc. PROCEDURE Replacing Toilets To replace a toilet: 1. Turn off the water at the angle stop then flush the toilet to remove most of the water from the tank. Remove the remainder of the water from the tank and the bowl. (A wet vacuum is very convenient for this task.) 2. Disconnect the water supply tube from the angle stop. 3. If the toilet is a two-piece unit, it may be easier to remove the tank from the bowl so the two components can be carried out of the building separately. This is done by removing the tank bolts and lifting the tank away from the bowl. Placing the parts in large plastic bags will allow them to be carried from the building without dripping on the floor. 4. To disconnect the toilet bowl, remove the closet bolt nuts. 5. Break the seal between the base of the bowl and the floor with a putty knife or a small, flat pry bar. 6. Because the base of the toilet will be wet and the wax seal is likely to adhere to the bowl, place the bowl in a large plastic bag. If the entire toilet is taken out in one piece, or if it is a one-piece unit, it may be necessary to set the toilet on the floor temporarily. 7. Before removing the fixture, position a protective cover and two short lengths of 2 × 4 lumber on the floor where the toilet will be placed. The outlet of the toilet often extends below the bottom edge of the bowl, making it difficult for the unit to be set upright. 8. Remove the fixture. Placing the front and rear edges of the base on the 2 × 4s will make the toilet more stable. 9. Place a rag in the closet flange opening to pre- vent sewer gases from entering the room. 10. Use a putty knife to scrape the old wax ring from the closet flange. 11. Install the new toilet as detailed in Chapter 22, Installing Fixtures, Faucets, and Appliances. If the is to be replaced, it may be possible to leave the lavatory or sink mounted in the countertop and remove both at one time, Figure 30-6. 4. Check the angle stops for leaks around the stem and repair or replace them as needed. the is recommended that you install new water supply tubes, a new P-trap, and other drain pipes with the new fixture. For detailed information on installing new fixtures, refer to Chapter 22, Installing Fixtures, Faucets, and Appliances. Plumbing codes require that the drain/ waste pipe serving a toilet be a minimum of 3″ in diameter. If you want to add a toilet to an existing plumbing installation, the drain/ waste pipe to which it is connected must be at least 3″ in diameter. Jack Klasey Figure 30-6. If both the lavatory and the countertop are to be replaced, it is often quicker to remove them as a unit. 480 Section 4 Plumbing Services Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. vii Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.