Contents Hazardous Materials .............................. 20 Dangers of Working around Hazardous Products ........................... 23 Respirators ........................................... 25 Sound Hazards ..................................... 29 Heat Exposure ...................................... 29 Working in Confined Spaces ................... 31 Bloodborne Pathogens .......................... 31 Chapter 2 Plumbing Tools ................................ 35 Commonly Used Tools ........................... 35 Measuring and Layout Tools ................... 35 Alignment Tools .................................... 39 Cutting Tools ......................................... 44 Drilling and Boring Tools ......................... 51 Tools for Assembling and Holding ............ 53 Chapter 3 Leveling Instruments ..................... 63 Builder’s Level ...................................... 63 Laser Levels ......................................... 66 Chapter 4 Mathematics for Plumbers ........... 71 Measurement ....................................... 71 Converting Feet to Inches and Inches to Feet ....................................74 Computing Pipe Offsets ..........................74 Computing Area and Volume ................... 79 Computing Slope of Pipe ........................ 80 Metric Measurement .............................. 81 Chapter 5 Hydraulics and Pneumatics ......... 87 Hydraulics ............................................ 87 Pneumatics .......................................... 92 Section 1 Introduction to Plumbing Chapter 1 Safety ................................................... 3 Accident Statistics ................................... 3 Clothing ................................................. 4 Lifting .................................................... 5 Job Site Organization and Cleanliness ....... 6 Ladders ................................................. 7 Scaffolding ........................................... 10 Fall Protection ....................................... 13 Fall Protection and Scaffolds ................... 15 Electrical Safety .................................... 15 Hand Tool Safety ................................... 17 Power Tool Safety .................................. 18 Fire Hazards and Fire Extinguishers ......... 18 Excavating and Trenching ....................... 20 ix Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.