xi Brief Contents Section 1 Introduction to Plumbing 1 Safety..................................................................................................................................................................3 2 Plumbing Tools...............................................................................................................................................34 3 Plumbing Career Opportunities. ..................................................................................................................56 4 Plumbing History...........................................................................................................................................77 5 Leveling Instruments.....................................................................................................................................93 6 Mathematics for Plumbers..........................................................................................................................101 7 Hydraulics and Pneumatics........................................................................................................................114 8 Print Reading and Sketching......................................................................................................................122 9 Green Construction.....................................................................................................................................138 10 Building and Plumbing Codes. ...................................................................................................................146 11 Soldering, Brazing, and Welding. ...............................................................................................................154 12 Excavating.....................................................................................................................................................163 Section 2 Plumbing Systems 13 Water Supply Systems..................................................................................................................................177 14 Water Treatment...........................................................................................................................................193 15 Plumbing Fixtures........................................................................................................................................203 16 Piping Materials and Fittings......................................................................................................................218 17 Valves and Meters. ........................................................................................................................................245 18 Water Heaters. ...............................................................................................................................................256 Section 3 Plumbing System Design and Installation 19 Designing Plumbing Systems.....................................................................................................................273 20 Preparing for Plumbing System Installation. ............................................................................................296 21 DWV Pipe and Fitting Installation............................................................................................................313 22 Installing Water Supply Piping...................................................................................................................337 23 Supporting and Testing Pipe. ......................................................................................................................360 24 Installing Water Heaters, Fixtures, Faucets, and Appliances..................................................................371 25 Private Septic Systems. .................................................................................................................................391 26 Storm Water and Sumps..............................................................................................................................404 27 Installing HVAC Systems............................................................................................................................414 28 Swimming Pools, Hot Tubs, and Spas.......................................................................................................429 29 Fire Safety and Irrigation Systems. .............................................................................................................440 Section 4 Plumbing Services 30 Repairing DWV Systems.............................................................................................................................455 31 Repairing Water Supply Systems................................................................................................................466 32 Remodeling...................................................................................................................................................489 33 Job Organization..........................................................................................................................................507