xii Contents S E C T I O N 1 Introduction to Plumbing Chapter 1 Safety. ...................................................... 3 1.1 Accident Data..........................................................3 1.2 Personal Protective Equipment.............................4 1.3 Working Safely.........................................................9 1.4 Tool and Equipment Safety..................................37 Chapter 2 Plumbing Tools. ....................................... 34 2.1 Measuring and Layout Tools. ...............................35 2.2 Alignment Tools....................................................37 2.3 Cutting Tools. .........................................................40 2.4 Drilling and Boring Tools....................................46 2.5 Assembling and Holding Tools...........................48 2.6 Portable Lighting...................................................52 Chapter 3 Plumbing Career Opportunities................. 56 3.1 Who Employs Plumbers?.....................................56 3.2 Advancing in the Plumbing Trade......................59 3.3 Skills........................................................................60 3.4 Education and Training........................................61 3.5 Licensing and Certification..................................61 3.6 Characteristics of Desirable Employees.............62 3.7 Five Competencies for Employment ..................65 3.8 Getting Your First Plumbing Job.........................67 3.9 Keeping a Job.........................................................71 Chapter 4 Plumbing History. .................................... 77 4.1 History of Plumbing Developments...................80 4.2 Fixtures, Faucets, Valves, and Garbage Disposals. ................................................................81 4.3 Pipe and Fittings....................................................87 4.4 Tools and Equipment............................................88 4.5 Codes, Laws, Standards, and Organizations......89 Chapter 5 Leveling Instruments. ............................... 93 5.1 Builder’s Level........................................................93 5.2 Laser Levels............................................................97 Chapter 6 Mathematics for Plumbers. ..................... 101 6.1 Measurement.......................................................102 6.2 Converting Feet to Inches and Inches to Feet.......104 6.3 Computing Pipe Offsets.....................................104 6.4 Computing Area and Volume. ...........................108 6.5 Computing Slope of Pipe. ...................................109 6.6 Metric Measurement...........................................109 Chapter 7 Hydraulics and Pneumatics.................... 114 7.1 Hydraulics............................................................114 7.2 Pneumatics...........................................................118 Chapter 8 Print Reading and Sketching.................. 122 8.1 Plans......................................................................122 8.2 Sketching Piping Installations...........................131 Chapter 9 Green Construction................................ 138 9.1 What Makes a Product Green?..........................138 9.2 Green Construction Practices...........................139 9.3 Using Resources Wisely......................................140 9.4 Green Certification.............................................142 Chapter 10 Building and Plumbing Codes................. 146 10.1 Code Administration........................................146 10.2 Model Codes......................................................149 Chapter 11 Soldering, Brazing, and Welding. ............. 154 11.1 Soldering............................................................154 11.2 Brazing................................................................157 11.3 Welding. ..............................................................160 Chapter 12 Excavating............................................ 163 12.1 Locating and Protecting Utilities....................163 12.2 Excavating..........................................................164 S E C T I O N 2 Plumbing Systems Chapter 13 Water Supply Systems. ........................... 177 13.1 Locating a Well..................................................178 13.2 Types of Wells....................................................178 13.3 Water Pumps .....................................................180 13.4 Pump Installation..............................................187 13.5 Pressure Tanks...................................................188