xiii 13.6 Connecting to a Municipal Water Supply System...................................................190 Chapter 14 Water Treatment.................................... 193 14.1 Water Contaminants.........................................193 14.2 pH Balance.........................................................196 14.3 Iron Removal.....................................................196 14.4 Hydrogen Sulfide Removal..............................196 14.5 Sediment and Turbidity. ...................................197 14.6 Water Treatment Equipment...........................197 Chapter 15 Plumbing Fixtures. ................................. 203 15.1 Materials Used in Fixtures...............................203 15.2 Lavatories and Sinks.........................................204 15.3 Bathtubs..............................................................207 15.4 Shower Stalls......................................................208 15.5 Toilets. .................................................................209 15.6 Bidets..................................................................211 15.7 Urinals................................................................212 15.8 Service Sinks......................................................214 15.9 Water Fountains................................................214 15.10 Improving Plumbing Fixture Efficiency. ......214 Chapter 16 Piping Materials and Fittings.................. 218 16.1 Plastic Pipe and Fittings...................................220 16.2 Metals. .................................................................230 16.3 Other Materials.................................................238 Chapter 17 Valves and Meters. ................................. 245 17.1 Valves..................................................................245 17.2 Water Meters......................................................253 Chapter 18 Water Heaters. ....................................... 256 18.1 Storage-Type Water Heaters............................256 18.2 Instantaneous Water Heaters...........................264 18.3 Solar Water Heating..........................................266 S E C T I O N 3 Plumbing System Design and Installation Chapter 19 Designing Plumbing Systems.................. 273 19.1 Basic Design Considerations...........................274 19.2 Designing DWV Piping...................................280 19.3 Designing Water Supply Piping. ......................287 Chapter 20 Preparing for Plumbing System Installation. ........................................ 296 20.1 First Rough. ........................................................296 20.2 Second Rough....................................................300 20.3 Planning the DWV Piping...............................300 20.4 Locating Fixture Drains...................................303 20.5 Locating Water Supply Piping.........................305 20.6 Modifications to the Structure. ........................306 Chapter 21 DWV Pipe and Fitting Installation. ........... 313 21.1 Sizing DWV Piping...........................................313 21.2 Measuring Pipe..................................................315 21.3 Overview of DWV Piping................................316 21.4 Installing DWV Plastic Pipe and Fittings.......328 21.5 Installing Copper Pipe and Fittings................330 21.6 Installing Galvanized and Black Iron Pipe. .... 330 21.7 Installing Cast-Iron Pipe..................................333 Chapter 22 Installing Water Supply Piping................ 337 22.1 Overview of Water Supply Piping and Fitting Installation.......................................337 22.2 Installing PVC and CPVC Plastic Pipe and Fittings. ..........................................................349 22.3 Installing Copper Pipe and Fittings................351 22.4 Installing PEX and Composite Plastic Pipe and Fittings..................................................353 Chapter 23 Supporting and Testing Pipe................... 360 23.1 Supporting Pipe.................................................360 23.2 Inspecting and Testing Piping Systems..........367 Chapter 24 Installing Water Heaters, Fixtures, Faucets, and Appliances. ..................... 371 24.1 Water Heater Installation.................................371 24.2 Lavatory and Sink Installation. ........................374 24.3 Completing Bathtub and Shower Installation. ...........................................................381 24.4 Installing Whirlpool Bathtubs.........................383 24.5 Toilet Installation..............................................383 24.6 Bidet Installation...............................................385 24.7 Urinal Installation.............................................386 24.8 Service Sinks......................................................386 24.9 Installing Appliances........................................386 Chapter 25 Private Septic Systems. .......................... 391 25.1 Septic System Basics.........................................392 25.2 Leach Field Innovations...................................395