xviii Section 4 Refrigerants CHAPTER 9 Introduction to Refrigerants .........168 9.1 Refrigerants and the Ozone Layer .......170 9.2 Classifying Refrigerants .......................171 9.3 Identifying Refrigerants ........................175 9.4 Refrigerant Properties ..........................177 9.5 Refrigerant Applications .......................184 9.6 Inorganic Refrigerants ..........................185 9.7 Refrigeration Lubricants .......................189 CHAPTER 10 Equipment and Instruments for Refrigerant Handling and Service ...............................................196 10.1 Refrigerant Cylinders ..........................198 10.2 Pressure Gauges ................................ 201 10.3 Service Valves ....................................206 10.4 Gauge Manifolds ................................214 10.5 Leak Detection Devices ......................217 10.6 Vacuum Pumps ...................................223 10.7 Recovery, Recycling, and Reclaiming Equipment .......................225 CHAPTER 11 Working with Refrigerants ...........234 11.1 Checking Refrigerant Charge ..............236 11.2 Redistributing Refrigerant....................239 11.3 Locating and Repairing Refrigerant Leaks .................................................248 11.4 Evacuating a System ...........................253 11.5 Charging a System ..............................258 Section 5 Basic Electricity, Magnetism, and Electronics CHAPTER 12 Basic Electricity ...............................270 12.1 Fundamental Principles of Electricity ...........................................272 12.2 Types of Electricity ..............................275 12.3 Electrical Materials .............................277 12.4 Circuit Fundamentals ..........................278 12.5 Magnetism ..........................................282 12.6 Electrical Generators ..........................284 12.7 Transformer Basics .............................285 CHAPTER 13 Electrical Power ...............................290 13.1 Electrical Power ..................................292 13.2 Power Circuits.....................................295 13.3 Electrical Problems .............................302 CHAPTER 14 Basic Electronics ..............................308 14.1 Semiconductor Basics ........................310 14.2 Control Circuits and Electronic Devices .............................................312 14.3 Circuit Boards and Microprocessors ...316 14.4 Switches .............................................317 14.5 Relays .................................................318 14.6 Solenoids ............................................318 14.7 Thermocouples ...................................320 Section 6 Motors and Electric Control Systems CHAPTER 15 Electric Motors .................................324 15.1 The Elementary Electric Motor ...........326 15.2 AC Induction Motors ...........................330 15.3 Electronically Commutated Motors (ECMs) ...............................................338 15.4 Standard Motor Data ..........................339 15.5 Motor Applications in HVACR Systems .............................................342 CHAPTER 16 Electrical Control Systems ............350 16.1 Circuit Diagrams .................................352 16.2 Control System Fundamentals ............352 16.3 Motor Controls ....................................357