xiii Section 4 Refrigerants Chapter 9 Introduction to Refrigerants ...................................158 9.1 Refrigerants and the Ozone Layer ..........160 9.2 Classifying Refrigerants ..........................161 9.3 Identifying Refrigerants ...........................165 9.4 Refrigerant Properties.............................166 9.5 Refrigerant Applications .........................173 9.6 Inorganic Refrigerants ............................176 9.7 Refrigeration Lubricants..........................179 Chapter 10 Equipment and Instruments for Refrigerant Handling and Service .......................186 10.1 Refrigerant Cylinders ..............................187 10.2 Pressure Gauges ....................................190 10.3 Service Valves ........................................194 10.4 Gauge Manifolds.................................... 203 10.5 Leak Detection Devices ......................... 209 10.6 Vacuum Pumps ...................................... 212 10.7 Recovery, Recycling, and Reclaiming Equipment .................... 213 Chapter 11 Working with Refrigerants ..................................... 222 11.1 Checking Refrigerant Charge ................ 223 11.2 Redistributing Refrigerant ...................... 226 11.3 Locating and Repairing Refrigerant Leaks ..................................................... 235 11.4 Evacuating a System ............................. 240 11.5 Charging a System ................................ 244 Section 5 Basic Electricity, Magnetism, and Electronics Chapter 12 Basic Electricity ................................................... 258 12.1 Fundamental Principles of Electricity ..... 259 12.2 Types of Electricity ................................. 263 12.3 Electrical Materials................................. 265 12.4 Circuit Fundamentals ............................. 265 12.5 Magnetism ............................................. 270 12.6 Electrical Generators ............................. 272 12.7 Transformer Basics ................................ 273 Chapter 13 Electrical Power .................................................. 278 13.1 Electrical Power ..................................... 279 13.2 Power Circuits ....................................... 283 13.3 Electrical Problems ................................ 290 Chapter 14 Basic Electronics ................................................. 296 14.1 Semiconductor Basics ........................... 297 14.2 Control Circuits and Electronic Devices .................................................. 300 14.3 Circuit Boards and Microprocessors ..... 304 14.4 Switches and Contacts .......................... 305 14.5 Relays .................................................... 305 14.6 Solenoids............................................... 306 14.7 Thermocouples ...................................... 306 Section 6 Motors and Electric Control Systems Chapter 15 Electric Motors .................................................... 312 15.1 The Elementary Electric Motor .............. 313 15.2 AC Induction Motors .............................. 316 15.3 Electronically Commutated Motors (ECMs) ....................................... 325 15.4 Standard Motor Data ............................. 326 15.5 Motor Applications in HVACR Systems ................................ 329 Chapter 16 Electrical Control Systems .................................... 336 16.1 Control System Fundamentals .............. 337 16.2 Motor Controls ....................................... 341 16.3 Motor Protection Devices ....................... 359 16.4 Direct Digital Control (DDC) ................... 363 Chapter 17 Electrical Troubleshooting Fundamentals ................. 374 17.1 Electrical Test Equipment ...................... 375 17.2 Electrical Diagrams ............................... 383 17.3 Electrical Troubleshooting Process ....... 385 17.4 Electrical Troubleshooting Strategies .... 389 Chapter 18 Servicing Electric Motors and Controls .................... 396 18.1 Troubleshooting Electric Motors ............ 397 18.2 Servicing Hermetic Compressor Motors .................................................... 402