10 Modern Welding Chapter 23 Special Cutting Processes 623 23.1 Air Carbon Arc Cutting (CAC-A) Equipment 624 23.2 Air Carbon Arc Cutting and Gouging (CAC-A) 626 23.3 Carbon Arc Cutting (CAC) and Gouging Equipment 630 23.4 Carbon Arc Cutting and Gouging (CAC) 631 23.5 Exothermic Cutting Principles and Equipment 631 23.6 Exothermic Cutting and Gouging 634 23.7 Exothermic Cutting Rod Equipment and Supplies 635 23.8 Cutting and Gouging with Exothermic Rod 638 23.9 Oxygen Lance Cutting (OLC) 639 23.10 Metal Powder Cutting (OC-P) 640 23.11 Flux Cutting (OC-F) 641 23.12 Shielded Metal Arc Cutting and Gouging (SMAC) 642 23.13 Laser Beam Cutting (LBC) 643 23.14 Water Jet Cutting 643 23.15 Safety Review: Special Cutting Processes 644 Chapter 24 Underwater Welding and Cutting 647 24.1 Development of Underwater Welding 647 24.2 D3.6M Underwater Welding Code 649 24.3 Welding Equipment for Underwater Welding 650 24.4 Wet Welding 652 24.5 Hyperbaric (Dry) Welding Underwater 653 24.6 Crack Repairs 657 24.7 Underwater Cutting 657 24.8 Diving Operations 662 24.9 Jobs in Underwater Welding 664 24.10 Safety 665 Chapter 25 Automatic and Robotic Welding 667 25.1 Advantages of Automatic Welding 668 25.2 Feedback Controls 668 25.3 Automatic Welding Processes 673 25.4 Introduction to Robots 674 25.5 Safety Practices in Automatic and Robotic Welding 685 Chapter 26 Metal Surfacing 687 26.1 Principles of Surfacing 688 26.2 Selection of a Surfacing Process 689 26.3 Principles of Flame Spraying 694 26.4 Electric Arc Spray Surfacing 699 26.5 Detonation Flame Spraying 700 26.6 Plasma Arc Spraying Process 700 26.7 Surface Preparation 702 26.8 Selecting Thermal Spray Surfacing Material 703 26.9 Testing and Inspecting Thermal Surfacings 703 26.10 Review of Surfacing Safety 705 Part 8 Metal Technology Chapter 27 Production of Metals 709 27.1 Manufacturing Iron and Steel 709 27.2 Steelmaking Methods 712 27.3 Manufacturing Copper 727 27.4 Manufacturing Copper Alloys, Brass, and Bronze 729 27.5 Manufacturing Aluminum 729 27.6 Manufacturing Zinc 730 27.7 Processing Metals 730 27.8 Review of Safety 731 Chapter 28 Metal Properties and Identifi cation 733 28.1 Iron and Steel 733 28.2 Cooling Curves 736 28.3 Iron-Carbon Diagram 737 28.4 Identifi cation of Iron and Steel 740 28.5 Numbering Systems for Steels 745 28.6 Nonferrous Metals 745 28.7 Hard Surfacing Metals 750 28.8 Soft Surfacing Metals 750 28.9 Special Metals 750 28.10 Review of Safety 751