Table of Contents 11 Chapter 29 Heat Treatment of Metals 753 29.1 The Purposes of Heat Treatment 754 29.2 Carbon Content of Steel 756 29.3 Crystalline Structure of Steel 756 29.4 Annealing Steel 759 29.5 Normalizing Steel 759 29.6 Quenching and Tempering Steel 760 29.7 Thermal Stress Relieving 761 29.8 Spheroidizing 762 29.9 Hardening Steel 762 29.10 Heat Treating Tool Steels 765 29.11 Heat Treating Alloy Steels 765 29.12 Heat Treating Cast Irons 765 29.13 Heat Treating Copper 766 29.14 Heat Treating Aluminum 766 29.15 Temperature Measurements 767 29.16 Review of Safety 768 Part 9 Professional Welding Chapter 30 Inspecting and Testing Welds 771 30.1 Nondestructive Examination (NDE) 771 30.2 Destructive Tests 780 30.3 Laboratory Methods of Testing Welds 785 30.4 Review of Safety 791 Chapter 31 Procedure and Welder Qualifi cations 793 31.1 Welding Codes 793 31.2 Welding Procedure Specifi cations 795 31.3 Welder Performance Qualifi cations 797 31.4 Methods of Testing Specimens 801 Chapter 32 The Welding Shop 815 32.1 Types of Welding Shops 815 32.2 Welding Shop Design 815 32.3 Welding Shop Equipment 816 32.4 Welding Shop Tools 827 32.5 Welding Shop Supplies 827 32.6 Weld Test Equipment 828 32.7 Repair of Welding Equipment 828 32.8 Welding Shop Policy 829 32.9 Review of Safety 829 Chapter 33 Getting and Holding a Job in the Welding Industry 833 33.1 The Future of the Welding Industry 833 33.2 Welding Occupations and Required Education 834 33.3 School Subjects Suggested for Success 834 33.4 Qualities Sought by Employers 837 33.5 Finding and Keeping a Job 838 Chapter 34 Technical Data 843 34.1 The Effect of Temperature on Cylinder Pressure 843 34.2 The Effect of Hose Diameter and Length on Gas Flow and Pressure at the Torch 844 34.3 Flame Characteristics 844 34.4 The Chemistry of Oxyacetylene Gas Welding 844 34.5 Chemical Cleaning and Pickling Solutions 846 34.6 Thermite Reaction Chemistry 846 34.7 Blast Furnace Operations 847 34.8 Properties of Metals 847 34.9 Stresses Caused by Welding 847 34.10 Wire and Sheet Metal Gages 847 34.11 Judging Temperature by Color 847 34.12 Drill Sets and Sizes 849 34.13 Tapping a Thread 852 34.14 The SI Metric System 852 34.15 Temperature Scales 855 34.16 Physics of Energy, Temperature, and Heat 857 Glossary of Welding Terms 861 Acknowledgments 885 Index 887