890 Modern Welding fl aws, 173–176 fl exible tubing, 601 fl ow switches, 668 fl ow temperature, 464 fl ux, 139, 354–355 brazing and braze welding, 460–463 soldering, 438–441 fl ux cored arc welding (FCAW), 78–79, 191, 267 automatic, 298–299 power sources, 211–213, 273–274 principles, 268 procedures, 291–292 station, 208–211, 274–290 surfacing, 692 troubleshooting, 300–302 force systems, resistance welding, 487–489 forehand welding, 68, 372 forge force, 520, 584 forge welding (FOW), 542–543 forging, 105, 731 forward arc blow, 171 fractional drill, 849 fracture test, 743 freehand cutting, 402 friction, 106 friction stir welding (FSW), 107, 544–546 friction welding (FRW), 543–544 front view, 37 full scale, 41 fumes, 161, 395 furnace, 754, 821–823 fuse plugs, 328 fusion, 181 future of the welding industry, 833 G galvanic corrosion, 468 galvanizing, 565 gantry, 428 gas fl ow, 844 gas lens, 204 gas metal arc welding (GMAW), 77–78, 191, 267 automatic, 298–299 power sources, 211–213, 273–274 principles, 268 procedures, 291–292 spot welding, 299–300 station, 208–211, 274–290 troubleshooting, 300–302 gas pressure, 844 gas-shielded fl ux cored arc welding (FCAW-G), 208–209 gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW), 76–77, 191, 231 automatic and mechanized, 262–263 fi ller metals, 207 power sources, 192–196, 236 principles, 232–235 semiautomatic, 261–262 shielding gases, 196–199 spot welding, 263–264 station, 192, 236–251, 253 surfacing, 693 techniques, 252–253 torches, 201–205 troubleshooting, 264–265 generator, 125 glancing motion, 166 GMAW. See gas metal arc welding gouging, 426 government agencies, 793–794 grain-coarsened region, 758 grain-refi ned region, 758 grain size, 735 gray cast iron, 725, 765 groove angle, 47 groove face, 47 groove joint, 47 groove weld, 47, 50, 163 groove weld size, 61 GTAW. See gas tungsten arc welding gun set-up jig, 681 gun welder, 514 gun welding machine, 514 H half-scale, 41 Hall process, 729 halogen gas leak test, 619 hammer welding, 542 hardfacing, 687 hardness, 689, 734, 787 testing, 787–789 hard-surfacing, 168 hard surfacing metals, 750 heat, 716, 857–858 heat-affected zone (HAZ), 559, 754 heat combustion, of steel, 409–410 heating methods, 754 heat-resistant brazed joints, 478 heat shield, 308 heat treatable low alloy (HTLA) steel, 563 heat treatment, alloy steels aluminum, 766–767 annealing steel, 759 carbon content of steel, 756 cast iron, 765–766 copper, 766 crystalline structure of steel, 756–759 hardening steel, 762–765 normalizing steel, 759 purpose, 754–756 quenching and tempering steel, 760–761 safety, 768 spheroidizing, 762 temperature measurements, 767–768 thermal stress relieving, 761 tool steels, 765 helium, 197, 284 helmets, 147–149 hertz (Hz), 306, 777 hexagonal close-packed structure, 737 hidden edge lines, 40 high-carbon steel, 560–561 high-pressure gauge, 334 high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steel, 561 high-voltage starting, 252 hold time, 490, 511 hopper, 712 horizontal (2G, 2F) welding position, 54, 173–174 GMAW and FCAW, 295–296 GTAW, 257–258 oxyfuel gas welding, 386–387 SMAW, 181–182 horn spacing, 499 hot iron, 709 hot pass, 609 hot shortness, 251, 579, 621, 749 housekeeping, 17 hydrostatic leak testing, 452 hydrostatic pressure testing, 779–780 hyperbaric (dry) welding, 653–656 hypereutectoid steels, 739 hypoeutectoid cast irons, 739 hypoeutectoid steels, 739 I ignition temperature, 409 ignitron tubes, 491 impact tests, 786