Index 889 direct current straight polarity (DCSP), 128, 156 discontinuities, 771 distilling process, 730 dive table, 662 diving operations, 662–663 downhill, 182 downhill welding, 608 downslope, 490 downslope current, 235 drag, 416 drag angle, 68, 372 drag electrodes, 140 drag travel angle, 68 drawing, 731 line types, 40–41 scale, 41 types, 35–36 drawn to scale, 41 dressing, 519 drill sets and sizes, 849–851 droop curve machines, 118 droopers, 118 dry spot welding, 655 dry welding, 647 dual fl ow plasma arc cutting, 306 dual source with inverter switching, 131 ductile, 566 ductile cast iron, 766 ductility, 735, 783 duty cycle, 133, 485, 487 dynamic pressure, 844 E economizer, 351 eddy current inspection (ET), 778 edge joint, 49 edge preparation, 47 education, 834 suggested school subjects, 834–837 elastic limit, 759, 783 electrical actuators, 673 electrical power input requirements, 134 electrical resistance heating, 754 electric arc spray method, 699 electric furnace, 716 electricity and electronics, 834 electric motor-driven carriage, 406 electrode angle, 68–71 care, 146 classifi cation, 141–145 diameter, 493 extension, 290–291 face, 493 holder, 495–496 materials, 494–495 resistance welding, 492–495 electrode leads and hoses, GTAW, 199–201 electrode wire, GMAW and FCAW, 222–226 electrogas welding (EGW), 532–533 electrolysis, 727 electrolyte, 727 electron beam welding (EBW), 551–552 electroslag welding (ESW), 547 electrostatic resistance spot welding machine, 500 elongation, 734 employers, 837 energy, physics, 857–858 equipment air ventilation and conditioning, 817 furnaces, 821–823 jigs and fi xtures, 823–824 mechanical metal cutting, 817–820 media blaster, 826 metal-forming, 821 overhead cranes, 823 policy, 829 power tools, 825–826 repairs, 828–829 supplies, 827–828 tools, 827 weld testing, 828 essentials variables, 797 etch, 789 eutectic point, 436, 736, 739 exciter, 127 exit diameter, 250 exothermic cutting gouging, 634–635 principles and equipment, 631–633 rod equipment and supplies, 635–637 underwater, 660 exothermic process, 91 exothermic rod, 635–639 explosion welding (EXW), 541–542 expulsion weld, 517 extension lines, 41 extrusion, 731 F face reinforcement, 48 face-centered cubic structure, 737 FCAW. See fl ux cored arc welding feedback controls, 668 spot welding, 520–521 ferrite, 737–738 ferritic stainless steel, 567–568 ferrous metals, 559, 733 alloys, 559–560 ferrous welding applications cast iron, 570–574 chrome-molybdenum steels, 564–565 dissimilar metals, 570 maraging steels, 565 medium- and high-carbon steels, 560–561 precoated steels, 565 stainless steels, 565–570 steel alloys, 561–564 fi eld weld symbol, 64 fi eld windings, 127 fi ller material, 73 brazing, 463–468 GTAW, 207 fi ller pass, 51, 609 fi llet weld, 50 fi llet weld bend, 782 fi lter lens, 349 fi nish symbol, 60 fi rebricks, 355 vitrifi ed, 828 fi re extinguisher, 26–28 fi shtail, 617 fi tness for service, 771–772 fi xture, 823–824 fl ame characteristics, 844 fl ame hardening, 763 fl ame spraying principles, 694–696 process, 694, 697–698 torch, 696–697 fl ange fi tting, 600 fl ange joint, 49 fl ared fi ttings, 602 fl are-groove joint, 49 fl ash, 96 fl ashback arrestors, 353 fl ash butt welding, 503–505 fl ashing, 504, 524 fl ash welding (FW), resistance welding, 524–525 fl at (1G, 1F) welding position, 54, 173–174 GMAW and FCAW, 293–295 GTAW, 254–257 SMAW, 177–181