Index 895 testing specimens, methods, 801–812 testing welds. See inspecting welds thermal cutting, underwater, 659–660 thermal spraying, 688 material selection, 703 testing and inspecting surfacing, 703–705 thermal stress relieving, 761 thermite reaction chemistry, 846 thermite welding (TW), 549–551 thermoplastics, 593 thermosetting plastics, 593 thick metal, welding, 389–390 thread, 852 three-phase resistance spot welding machine, 500 three-way solenoid-operated valve, 670–673 throat depth, 499 throttle, 344 TIG, 76 time-temperature-transformation (T-T-T) diagram, 756 tin-lead phase diagram, 436 tinning, 445 titanium, 588–592 properties, 750–751 title black, 42–43 T-joint, 48, 178–180 tools, welding shop, 827 top view, 37 torch fl ame spraying, 696–697 GTAW, 201–205 robotics, 681 soldering, 81 valves, 80 torch brazing, 82–83 torch guides, 402–407 torch lighter, 26, 351 touch starting, 252 toughness, 735 transducer, 777 transferred arc, 313, 537 transformers, 485–487 transgun, 501 transistor, 121 transition current, 272 trans ratio, 490 transverse bends, 780 transverse face bend, 780 transverse root bend, 780 travel angle, 68, 372 tube, 597 tube joint GTAW and GMAW, 616–618 heat treating, 618–619 layout, 604–605 SMAW, 615–616 tack weld, 605–608 tubing inspecting welds, 619–620 joining methods, 601–603 repairs, 617–618 types, 601–603 tundish, 719 tungsten electrodes, 205–207 tuyere, 105, 712 two-stage pressure regulator, 336–337 U ultrasonic, 108 ultrasonic testing (UT), 777–778 ultrasonic welding (USW), 546–547 unbalanced wave, 195 undercut, 173, 384 underwater cutting, 657–662 underwater welding D3.6 underwater welding code, 649–650 development, 647–649 equipment, 650–651 hyperbaric (dry) welding, 653–656 jobs, 664–665 safety, 665 wet welding, 652–653 unguided bend test, 781–782 uphill, 182 uphill welding, 608 upper transformation temperature, 756 upset welding (UW), resistance welding, 525–526 upslope, 490 upslope current, 235 V vacuum arc furnace, 719 vacuum furnace, 719 vacuum induction furnace, 719 vacuum stream degassing, 719 vaporized metal, 155 ventilation, 19, 21–24 vernier gear mechanism, 429 vertical (3G, 3F) welding position, 54, 173–174 GMAW and FCAW, 297 GTAW, 259–260 oxyfuel gas welding, 387–388 SMAW, 182–185 visual inspection (VT), 772–773 W walking the cup, 611 water jet cutting, 643–644 waterseal fl ashback arrestor, 332 wear, 688–689 weave bead, 51, 167 weld, 49 appearance of good weld, 391 defects and fl aws, 173–176 reinforcement, 168 sequence, 511 size, 48 types, 49–51 weld-all-around symbol, 63 weld axis, 53 weld bead, 50–51 weld-cleaning equipment, 147 welder performance qualifi cation, 797–800 welder performance qualifi cation test, 797 weld face, 47–48 welding arc, 155 welding codes, 793 associations and societies, 794 government agencies, 793–794 importance of codes and speci- fi cations, 794–795 insurance companies and asso- ciations, 794 welding courses, 836 welding goggles, 349–350 welding gun, GMAW/FCAW, 216–221 welding hoses, oxyfuel gas welding, 342–344 welding industry, future, 833 welding leads, 134–138 welding positions, 53–55, 163 welding procedure qualifi cation record (WPQR), 796 welding procedure specifi cation (WPS), 619, 795–797 welding procedure, variables, 797 welding rods, 354 welding schedule, 511 welding shop design, 815–816 equipment, 816–826 safety, 829–830 types, 815 typical duties, 839