894 Modern Welding resistance welding, 30, 526 shop, 14–19 SMAW, 186–187 soldering, 452 surfacing, 705 underwater welding, 665 welding environment, 19–25 welding robots, 30 welding shop, 829 safety inspection, 27 saturable reactor control, 124 scale, 425 scratching motion, 166 seam welding, 67 machine, 503 resistance welding, 522–523 secondary current, 485 secondary voltage, 485 secondary winding, 485 section lines, 41 self-shielded fl ux cored arc welding (FCAW-S), 208 semiautomatic cutting, 427 semiautomatic welding, 232, 673 GTAW, 261–262 servomotors, 428, 673 set-up point, 681 shielded metal arc cutting (SMAC) and gouging, 642–643 shielded metal arc welding (SMAW), 75, 117, 153 electrodes, 138–140 surfacing, 690–692 welding techniques, 176–186 shielding gas, 306, 308–310 GMAW/FCAW, 214–216 GTAW, 196–199 shields, 147–149 side bend, 780 silicon-controlled rectifi ers (SCRs), 120 silver brazing, 467, 472–474 SI Metric system, 852–855 simple alloy, 736 sine wave, 234 sinusoidal wave, 194–195 slag, 734 slag inclusions, 171 slot weld, 65 SMAW. See shielded metal arc welding smoke extracting systems, 226 soaking pit, 723 soft surfacing metals, 750 solder, 433 soldered connections, 602 soldering, 360, 433 alloys, 435–438 fl uxes, 438–441 methods, 445–450 principles, 434–435 procedures, 441–445 safety, 452 special procedures for non- copper alloys, 450–452 testing and inspecting joints, 452 solenoid-operated valves and relays, 668–670 solid-state devices, 120 solid-state welding (SSW), 529 processes, 102–108, 540–547 solidus, 436 solidus line, 739 solvents, 445 sonotrode, 546 spalling, 690 spark test, 740–742 spattering, 167 specialized arc welding, 100–102 specifi c gravity test, 743 specimen testing methods fi llet weld procedure test, 803, 806 guided face and root bends, 803 guided side bend test, 803 pipe weld testing, 806–808 reduced-section tension testing, 803 spheroidizing, 762 spool guns, 217 spot welding, 65–67, 510 GMAW, 299–300 GTAW, 263–264 machines, 496–501, 513–514 proper practices, 518–519 setup, 514–518 square-wave, 195 squeeze time, 490, 511 stack cutting, 409 staggered intermittent weld, 62–63 stainless steel, 565–570 manufacturing, 725 spot welding, 520 static pressure, 844 static volt-ampere curve, 118 steel color relationships, 111–113 hardening, 762–765 identifi cation, 740–745 manufacturing, 709–712 numbering systems, 745 oxyfuel gas cutting, 417–426 physical properties, 734–736 steelmaking methods, 712–727 temperature, 111–113 steel alloys, 561–564 heat treating, 765 steelmaking furnace, 712 Steel Sheet Manufacturers Standard (SSMs), 847 stem-type pressure regulator, 336 step-down transformer, 510 stepper motor, 673 stickout, 290 stored energy spot welding machine, 500 straight carbon steel, 709 straight down-and-up motion, 166 stress, 783 caused by welding, 847 stringer bead, 51, 63, 167 submerged arc, 271 submerged arc welding (SAW), 530–532 surfacing, 692–693 suffi x, 143 superimposed high frequency, 252 surface hardening, 763 surface tension, 388–389 surfacing, 687 principles, 688–689 processes, 689–694 swages, 542 sweating, 445 swirl ring, 308 T tack weld, 52, 177 tail, 56 tap, 486, 852 tap drill, 852 tapped secondary winding, 124 tapping, 727 tap setting, 511 teach pendant, 680 technical trade, 834 temperature judging by color, 847–849 measurements, 767–768 physics, 857–858 scales, 855–857 temperature gradient, 754 temper carbon, 572 tensile strength, 141, 734 tensile test, 783 test coupons, 796 test specimens, 797
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