viii Specialty Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Boring Bars. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47 Lathes and Vertical Mills . . . . . . . . . . . . .47 Chapter 4 Measurement and Measuring Tools . . . . . . . . 51 Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Measuring Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Yardstick and Meterstick . . . . . . . . . . . . .52 Tape Measure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52 Six-Inch Scale. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52 Calipers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52 Outside Micrometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54 Inside Micrometer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56 Depth Micrometer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56 Telescoping Gauge and Hole Gauge . . . .56 Dial Indicator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56 Dial Bore Gauge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57 Feeler Gauges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57 Pressure and Vacuum Gauges . . . . . . . .58 Graduated Cylinder. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60 Care of Measuring Instruments . . . 60 Chapter 5 Fasteners, Gaskets, Seals, and Sealers . . . . . . . 65 Fasteners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Bolts, Screws, and Nuts . . . . . . . . . . . . .66 Nonthreaded Fasteners. . . . . . . . . . . . . .70 Torquing Threaded Fasteners. . . . . 72 Thread Repairs and Fastener Removal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74 Removing Broken Fasteners . . . . . . . . . .75 Thread Repair Inserts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75 Cutting New Threads. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75 Tapping a New Hole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76 Removing Damaged Nuts . . . . . . . . . . . .76 Fastener Tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Gaskets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Head Gaskets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78 General Gasket Installation Tips . . . . . . .79 Oil Seals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Servicing Oil Seals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81 O-Ring Seals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81 Adhesives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81 Sealers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82 Form-in-Place Gaskets . . . . . . . . . . . . . .82 Chapter 6 Troubleshooting and Service Information. . . . . 87 Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Customer Interview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88 Repair Order. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88 Verifying the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89 Analyzing the Problem or Cause . . . . . . .91 Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91 Service Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . .93 Service Manuals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93 Technical Service Bulletins . . . . . . . . . . .96 Owner’s Manuals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98 Chapter 7 Basic Electrical and Electronic Th eory . . . . . . 101 Electrical Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102 Polarity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103 Electron Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103 Electric Current. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103