xv CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Networking ........................................... 2 Definition of a Network ............................................. 4 Advantages of Networking ............................................. 5 Disadvantages of Networking ......................................... 5 Network Classifications ............................................ 6 Network Topologies ................................................... 6 Bus Topology .............................................................. 7 Star Topology .............................................................. 8 Ring Topology ............................................................. 8 Mesh Topology ............................................................ 9 Wireless Topology ........................................................ 9 Hybrid Topology ........................................................ 11 Other Topologies ........................................................ 11 Basic Network Administration Models ............................................ 12 Client/Server Network ................................................. 13 Peer-to-Peer Network .................................................. 14 Cloud Computing ..................................................... 15 Cloud Categories ....................................................... 15 Cloud Connectivity ..................................................... 15 Software-Defined Networking ....................................... 15 Network Operating Systems (NOS) ....................... 15 Network Communication ........................................ 16 Protocols ................................................................... 16 TCP/IP ..................................................................... 17 ATM ......................................................................... 18 LLDP ....................................................................... 18 NetBEUI and NetBIOS ................................................. 19 Network Addresses .................................................. 19 Network Media and Devices .................................. 20 Media ...................................................................... 20 Media Converter ........................................................ 21 Network Interface Card ................................................ 21 Repeater ................................................................... 22 Hub ......................................................................... 22 Gateway .................................................................... 23 Bridge ...................................................................... 24 Switch ...................................................................... 24 Multilayer Switch ....................................................... 26 Router ...................................................................... 26 Brouter ..................................................................... 27 Standards and Organizations ................................. 27 IEEE ......................................................................... 27 ISO .......................................................................... 28 W3C ........................................................................ 29 TIA .......................................................................... 29 ANSI ........................................................................ 29 OSI Model ................................................................. 29 Physical Layer ........................................................... 32 Data Link Layer .......................................................... 33 Network Layer ............................................................ 34 Transport Layer .......................................................... 35 Session Layer ............................................................ 36 Presentation Layer ...................................................... 36 Application Layer ....................................................... 37 OSI Model and Network Devices ................................... 37 OSI Model and the Major Protocol Suites ....................... 38 TCP/IP Protocols ....................................................... 38 CHAPTER 2 Network Media—Copper-Core Cable ....................... 46 Network Media ......................................................... 48 Analog and Digital Signals ..................................... 48 Attenuation ............................................................... 49 Interference ............................................................... 49 Latency.....................................................................50 Data Transmission ................................................... 50 Bandwidth ................................................................. 51 Baseband .................................................................. 51 Broadband ................................................................ 52 Simplex, Full-Duplex, and Half-Duplex Communication .................................. 53 Electronic Terms ...................................................... 53 Direct Current and Alternating Current ........................... 53 Resistance and Impedance ........................................... 54 Reflected Loss ........................................................... 54 Crosstalk .................................................................. 54 Copper-Core Cables ................................................. 57 Contents