xvi Coaxial Cable ............................................................ 58 Twisted Pair .............................................................. 62 IEEE 802 Standard ................................................... 65 IEEE 802.3 Classifications ........................................... 66 IEEE 802.3 Media Access ............................................ 71 IEEE 802.3 Wiring and Connections .............................. 71 IEEE 802.5 Standard ................................................... 75 Wiring Faults ............................................................ 77 Short ........................................................................ 77 Open ........................................................................ 78 Ground ..................................................................... 79 Reversed, Crossed, and Split Pairs................................ 79 CHAPTER 3 Fiber-Optic Cable ......................................................... 86 Characteristics of Fiber-Optic Cable ................................................ 87 Security .................................................................... 88 Immunity to Electromagnetic Interference ....................... 88 Weight and Size ......................................................... 88 Bandwidth ................................................................. 88 Corrosion and Water Resistance ................................... 89 Greater Distances ....................................................... 89 Nature of Light ......................................................... 89 Fiber-Optic Cable Construction .............................. 90 Fiber-Optic Cable Transmission Characteristics .............. 91 Attenuation ............................................................... 91 Fiber-Optic Cable Specifications ........................... 94 IEEE 802.3 Standards .............................................. 95 Gigabit Ethernet ......................................................... 97 10 Gigabit Ethernet ..................................................... 97 10GBaseW ................................................................ 97 Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) .............................................. 98 Fiber-Optic Cable Connectors ................................ 99 Fiber-Optic Cable Installation and Troubleshooting .............................................. 100 Installing Connectors ................................................ 100 Making a Fusion Splice ............................................. 101 Using Fiber-Optic Cable Meters .................................. 103 CHAPTER 4 Wireless Technology ................................................. 110 Electromagnetic Waves ........................................ 112 Radio and Microwave Transmission ............................ 112 Infrared Transmission ............................................... 114 Radio Interference .................................................... 114 Antenna Styles ....................................................... 116 Omni ...................................................................... 116 Dipole .................................................................... 116 Yagi ....................................................................... 116 Flat Panel ............................................................... 117 Parabolic ................................................................ 117 Radio-Wave Transmission Techniques ..................................... 118 Spread Spectrum ..................................................... 119 Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing ................ 121 Radio-Wave-Based Networking ........................... 122 Wireless Access Points ............................................. 123 Wireless Network Modes ........................................... 124 IEEE 802.11 Standard ............................................... 125 802.11 Access Method.............................................. 129 802.15 ................................................................... 132 802.16 ................................................................... 133 Bluetooth ................................................................ 133 Other Wireless Technology ........................................ 134 Cellular Technology .................................................. 134 Microwave Transmission and Networking ...................................................... 137 Advantages and Disadvantages of Wireless Technology ......................................... 138 Wireless Security .................................................. 139 802.1x Authentication ............................................... 139 802.1x Encryption .................................................... 139 CHAPTER 5 Digital Encoding and Data Transmission .............................................. 146 Digital Signals and Digital Encoding .................. 147 Data Packaging and Transmission ...................... 149 Parity Checks .......................................................... 150 Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) ................................ 150 Segmentation and Encapsulation ................................ 151 Connection-Oriented and Connectionless Communication ........................... 153 Circuit Switching and Packet Switching ....................... 154 Data Codes.............................................................. 155 ASCII ..................................................................... 155 Unicode .................................................................. 157 HTML .................................................................... 157