xviii IPTables.................................................................. 249 Apache ................................................................... 249 X Windows System ................................................ 249 Interoperability ...................................................... 251 Samba .................................................................... 252 NFS ....................................................................... 253 Troubleshooting Interoperability ................................. 255 Max OS X Server .................................................... 256 CHAPTER 9 Introduction to Servers .............................................. 262 Server Types and Services ................................... 263 Thin Servers ............................................................ 264 Server Classification by Number of CPUs .................... 264 Major Server Components ......................................... 264 Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI) ........ 268 SCSI ID Numbers ..................................................... 269 Logical Unit Number (LUN) ....................................... 270 Serial Attached SCSI ................................................. 271 ACPI and ACPICA ................................................... 271 System Resources ................................................. 272 Interrupt Request (IRQ).............................................. 272 Direct Memory Access (DMA) Channel ........................ 273 Input/Output (I/O) Port .............................................. 273 Memory Address Assignment .................................... 274 RAID Systems ......................................................... 275 RAID 0 ................................................................... 276 RAID 1 ................................................................... 276 RAID 2 ................................................................... 277 RAID 3 ................................................................... 277 RAID 4 ................................................................... 277 RAID 5 ................................................................... 277 RAID 6 ................................................................... 278 RAID 1+0 ................................................................ 278 External Storage Systems .................................... 278 Network-Attached Storage (NAS) ................................ 279 Storage Area Network (SAN) ...................................... 279 Fibre Channel ......................................................... 279 Fibre Channel Point-to-Point Topology ........................ 280 Fibre Channel Arbitrated Loop Topology ...................... 281 Fibre Channel Fabric-Switched Topology ..................... 281 InfiniBand ............................................................... 281 Internet Small Computer Systems Interface .................................................. 281 Virtualization .......................................................... 284 Hypervisor............................................................... 284 Furthering Your Study ........................................... 284 CHAPTER 10 TCP/IP Fundamentals ............................................... 290 IPv4 Addressing ..................................................... 292 Network Class ......................................................... 293 Subnet Mask ........................................................... 294 Reserved IPv4 Addresses .......................................... 295 Viewing IP Configuration Settings ............................... 297 Domain Name System (DNS) ............................... 298 Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) .............................................. 298 Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN) ......................... 299 DNS Structure and Operation ..................................... 299 Hosts and Lmhosts Text Files ..................................... 302 IP, TCP, and UDP .................................................... 303 Relationship to the OSI Model .................................... 303 Frame Formats ........................................................ 304 Other Protocols ........................................................ 306 Assigning IP Addresses ........................................ 307 Windows Internet Naming Service (WINS) .................... 307 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) .............. 308 DHCP Lease ............................................................ 309 IPAM......................................................................310 Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA) ..................... 310 Duplicate IPv4 Addresses .......................................... 311 TCP/IP Ports and Sockets ..................................... 311 IPv6 Addressing ..................................................... 313 Advantages of IPv6 ................................................... 313 IPv6 Address Format ................................................ 314 IPv6 EUI-64 Identifier ............................................... 314 IPv6 Topography Terminology .................................... 316 Types of IPv6 Addresses ....................................... 317 Unicast Address ....................................................... 317 IPv6 Loopback Address ............................................. 319 IPv6 Unspecified Address .......................................... 320 Local-Use Address Zone IDs ...................................... 320 IPv6 Prefixes ........................................................... 320 IPv6 Transition Technologies ............................... 321 6to4 ....................................................................... 321 ISATAP ................................................................... 322 Toredo .................................................................... 322 Broadcast and Multicast Addresses .................... 322 IPv6 Lifetimes ........................................................ 323