xvii Protocol Frame Structures ................................... 158 UDP Frame Structure ................................................ 159 Ethernet Frame Structure ........................................... 159 Data Encoding, Transmission, and the OSI Model ................................................. 161 Application Layer ..................................................... 162 Presentation Layer .................................................... 163 Session Layer .......................................................... 163 Transport Layer ........................................................ 163 Network Layer .......................................................... 163 Data Link Layer ........................................................ 164 Physical Layer ......................................................... 165 CHAPTER 6 Network Operating Systems and Network Communication ................................... 170 Evolution of Network Protocols ............................ 171 Common Network Operating System Traits ....................................... 172 Network Operating Systems and Hardware Protocols ....................................... 174 Ethernet .................................................................. 175 Token Ring .............................................................. 178 ARCnet ................................................................... 178 Network Operating Systems and Networking Protocols .................................... 178 TCP/IP ................................................................... 180 Discovery Protocols ................................................. 181 CHAPTER 7 Microsoft Network Operating Systems .................... 188 Brief History of Microsoft Network Operating Systems ................................. 190 Windows NT............................................................ 191 Windows 2000 Professional....................................... 192 Windows Server 2003 ............................................... 192 Windows Server 2008 ............................................... 192 Windows Server 2012 ............................................... 192 Common Features .................................................... 193 Windows Server 2016 ........................................... 193 Windows Server 2016 Editions ................................... 193 Windows Server Features .......................................... 193 Common Windows Server Administrative Components ................................. 196 Domain, Workgroup, and HomeGroup Membership .................................... 196 User Account ........................................................... 197 Group Account ........................................................ 198 Security Policy ........................................................ 199 Network Share ......................................................... 200 File-Sharing Protocols .............................................. 201 Disk Management .................................................... 202 New Technology File System ...................................... 202 Share- and User-Level Permissions ............................ 204 Administrative Tools ................................................. 207 Active Directory Domain Services....................... 208 Active Directory Structure .......................................... 209 Common Name ........................................................ 214 Authentication ......................................................... 214 AD Replication ......................................................... 214 Trust Relationships ................................................... 216 Windows Server Administration .......................... 218 Microsoft Management Console ................................. 218 Managing Local Users and Groups ............................. 219 Managing Domain Users and Groups .......................... 221 Windows Disk Management ....................................... 222 POSIX ...................................................................... 226 Network Interoperability ....................................... 226 CHAPTER 8 Unix/Linux Operating Systems ................................. 232 Unix .......................................................................... 233 Linux ........................................................................ 234 Linux Advantages ..................................................... 236 Linux Disadvantages ................................................. 236 Copyright and Copyleft ............................................. 237 Unix/Linux Basics .................................................. 238 LILO and GRUB ....................................................... 238 Shells .................................................................... 239 Commands ............................................................. 240 File Systems............................................................ 241 File Structure ........................................................... 242 Common Files and Directories ................................... 244 File and Directory Security ......................................... 245 Network Authentication ............................................. 246 File and Print Sharing ............................................... 247 Remote Access Features ............................................ 247 Linux Shell Tools ..................................................... 248