Copyright Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Unit 12 Residential Framing Prints 211 opening. Headers can be constructed in many ways: one of the most common is to turn two 2×4 × × members sideways and insert a 1/2″ spacer (to ″ make the assembly 3 1/2″ thick, the same width ″ as a 2×4). The header is then nailed in place. × × Some headers are made up of larger 2×6 or 2×8 members so they can span larger openings. A header schedule may be provided to indicate the 2× member size required to span each opening. The main disadvantage of balloon framing is the tendency of the walls to act as flues in spreading fires from floor to floor unless blocking is added between studs. A block member used in this manner is called a fire stop. Balloon framing is also more difficult to manage in assembling a wall section. Post-and-beam framing consists of heavy timber g material for vertical posts in wall sections and horizontal beams supporting floor and roof sections. The floor and roof sections are typically made from plank material 2″ thick. See ″ Figure 12-11. The structural members are placed at wider intervals than in other methods of framing. This type of framing lends itself to interesting architectural effects and extensive use of glass and exposed wood sections. Various components of wall framing are illustrated in Figure 12-12: • Sole plate. This serves as a base for the wall frame. The sole plate is the same size member as the studs (normally 2×4 or 2×6) × × and is nailed to the subfloor. • Studs. Studs are the vertical members in the wall frame, running from the sole plate to the top plate. Studs are normally 2×4 or 2×6 × × members. • Header. When some studs must be left out to make room for a window or door, a header is used to distribute the weight of the building around the Carpenter As on ne of the t old de st trades t s in co on struction, carpe en try is is still need de d in almost eve er y facet of the constru o u uc tion proc ce ss. C Ca rpe en ters are highly skilled workers rk w wh o p pe rform m framing m a an d finish work in residential s and n com mm erc ci al structures. r Carpenters a te who co on struc ct the framin ng of a building are referred e ed to a as rou ug h fra am ing g carpe en ters. Carpe en ters s s who perform o finish n c ca rpentry n work are called d finish h h carp pe nters. r The h rough g framing m carpenter assem mb les s the floor, wall, w and a ro oo f framing. In addition, the h h rou ug h fra am ing g carpenter p builds the formw wo rk used u u f fo r concrete e constructi io n. The finish carpe en ter installs in inte er ior a an d exterior x trim, builds or sets kitchen c c ca binets, e sets e windows s and doors, installs l finished s hardw wa re on o doors, and so on. A finish carpente ar er mu us t be much h more e precise in installation l n work k than a rough u framing a g carpenter. Carpenters a te pr ri marily wo or k wit th wood o components and light steel t framing g products. d . Carpenters p must be ab bl e to work w f fr om prints s and make accurate measureme s m en ts when w cutting n and d joining members. Carpe en ters s s must s also o be a ab le to o use a a variety of hand and power p p r tools s safely and d accurately. u Most carpenters learn e the h tra ad e on n the job or through training g in a t tr ade schoo ol or a ap prentices e sh ip program. Carpentry e is a rewardi e in g career a that t offers many benefits. . With expe er ience, a carpen c nt er can advance into a position p as a a fore em an, , superintendent, and e ev en projec ct ma an ager. er Monke ey Busines ss Images/Shutterstock.coms/ Carpenters are highly s sk illed workers. Th he y must u be a ab le to measure accurately a an d use s a variety a of hand n n and power tools. CAREERS IN CONSTRUCTION Artazum/Shutterstock.com Figure 12-11. A residence making use of the post-and- beam system of framing.