Contents 7
Development Is Interrelated 66
Development Varies Among
Individuals 66
Theories of Development 66
Heredity Versus Environment 67
Behaviorist Theories 71
Bandura’s Social Cognitive
Theory 72
Piaget’s Cognitive Theory 72
Vygotsky’s Sociocultural
Theory 73
Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory 74
Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral
Development 76
Which Theory Is Correct? 76
Chapter 4
Middle Childhood: Growth and
Development
80
Beginning School 83
Children Ages Five to Seven 86
Physical Growth and
Development 86
Cognitive Development 88
Social-Emotional
Development 90
Moral Development 91
Children Ages Eight and Nine 92
Physical Growth and
Development 92
Cognitive Development 92
Social-Emotional Development 94
Moral Development 96
Children Ages 10 to 12 96
Physical Growth and
Development 96
Cognitive Development 97
Social-Emotional Development 98
Moral Development 100
Chapter 5
The Teen Years: Growth and
Development
104
Physical Growth and
Development 107
Understanding Adolescent Growth
and Development 108
Coping with Physical Changes 108
Cognitive Development 110
Developing Abstract Thinking 110
Understanding the Adolescent
Brain 111
Meeting School Challenges 112
Setting Goals for the Future 113
Social-Emotional Development 113
Redefi ning Self 114
Moving Toward Independence 115
Refi ning Relationships 116
Dealing with Emotional
Challenges 119
Moral Development 119
Establishing Personal Values 120
Understanding Risk-Taking
Behaviors 120
Unit 3 The School Unit 3 The School
Chapter 6
The Early History of Education
in America
128
The American Colonial Period
(1600-1776) 130
The Role of Teachers 132
School Curriculum 132