xiv Contents Section 1 Introduction to Welding Chapter 1 Careers in Welding ..........................3 Your Personal Career Goals ................4 Types of Welding Jobs .........................4 Skills Needed for a Welding Career ...... 5 Finding a Welding Job ........................10 Keeping Your Job ...............................12 Entrepreneurship ...............................14 Chapter 2 Safety in the Welding Shop ........... 19 General Shop Safety .........................20 Personal Safety and Clothing ............20 Fire Safety ..........................................22 Burn Hazards .....................................24 Eye Hazards and Arc Rays ................26 Electrical Hazards ..............................26 Machinery Hazards ............................26 Hand and Power Tools .......................27 Fumes and Ventilation ........................27 Storing Compressed Gases ...............28 Lifting .................................................28 Shop Areas ........................................28 Welding on Hazardous Containers ......................................29 Disposal of Hazardous Waste Materials .........................................29 Safety Data Sheets ............................30 Additional Safety Publications ............30 Chapter 3 Welding and Cutting Processes ....35 The Welding Process .........................36 Advantages of Welding and Cutting Processes .......................................36 History of Welding ..............................36 Recent Developments in Welding and Cutting Processes ...................39 Common Welding and Cutting Processes .......................................39 Chapter 4 The Physics of Welding .................47 Welding Theory ..................................48 Properties of Metals ...........................48 Effects of Welding ..............................50 Heat-Treating .....................................52 Electrical Principles ............................52 Units of Measurement ........................53 Chapter 5 Math for Welding ...........................59 Introduction to STEM .........................60 Math Applications ...............................60 Whole Numbers .................................60 Multiplication ......................................62 Division ..............................................63 Fractions ............................................63 Decimals ............................................67 Converting between Fractions and Decimals .................................69 Using Calculators ...............................70 Chapter 6 Math Applications for Welders .......75 Math in Welding .................................76 Measuring Length ..............................76 Overview of Shapes ...........................77 Measuring Shapes .............................78 Other Units of Measurement for Welding ..........................................82 Estimating ..........................................82 Chapter 7 Weld Joints and Positions .............91 Basic Weld Joints ...............................92 Types of Welds ...................................95 Weld Beads and Weld Passes ...........96