xv Joint Geometry ..................................98 Welding Positions ..............................99 Chapter 8 Welding Symbols ........................ 107 The Three-View Drawing .................108 The Isometric Drawing .....................109 Title Block and Print Reading ........... 110 The ANSI/AWS Welding Symbol ...... 110 Fillet Weld Size ................................ 115 Melt-Through and Backing Weld Symbols ....................................... 118 Weld-All-Around and Field Weld Symbols ....................................... 118 Plug and Slot Welds ......................... 118 Spot Welds ....................................... 119 Seam Welds ..................................... 119 Section 2 Shielded Metal Arc Welding Chapter 9 SMAW: Equipment and Supplies ....127 Shielded Metal Arc Welding Principles ..128 SMAW Current and Polarity .............128 SMAW Outfit ....................................130 Chapter 10 SMAW: Equipment Assembly and Adjustment .................................. 143 Welding Machine .............................144 Electrode and Workpiece Leads ......145 Inspecting the SMAW Outfit .............147 Adjusting the Machine .....................147 Chapter 11 SMAW: Electrodes ...................... 153 Covered Electrodes .........................154 Electrode Amperage Requirements ....157 Choosing an Electrode ....................159 Care of Electrodes ...........................161 Chapter 12 SMAW: Flat Welding Position ...... 167 Preparing to Weld ............................168 SMAW Safety Precautions ...............168 Striking an Arc ..................................169 Arc Blow ...........................................169 Running a Weld Bead ......................171 Drag Welding ...................................174 Cleaning the Weld ............................175 Reading the Weld Bead ...................176 Fillet Welding ...................................176 Butt Joint ..........................................179 Weld Defects ....................................180 Chapter 13 SMAW: Horizontal, Vertical, and Overhead Welding Positions ....... 185 Preparing to Weld ............................186 Horizontal Welding Position .............168 Vertical Welding Position ..................190 Overhead Welding Position ..............192 Weld Defects ....................................193 Chapter 14 Surfacing ..................................... 197 Surfacing Principles .........................198 Surfacing Electrodes ........................199 Surfacing Process ............................201 Surfacing with Shielded Metal..........203 Section 3 Gas Metal and Flux Cored Arc Welding Chapter 15 GMAW and FCAW: Equipment and Supplies ...............................209 Gas Metal and Flux Cored Arc Welding Principles ........................210 Metal Transfer ..................................212