vi Contents Introduction Unit 1 | Prints—The Language of Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Evolution of Making Prints 2 CAD Systems 2 Older Methods for Reproduction 4 What Is a Print? 4 Why Are Prints Used? 4 Reproduction Techniques 4 Xerography (Electrostatic) Process 4 The Microfilm Process 6 Older Printmaking Processes 6 Electronic Storage 7 Importance of Prints to Welders 7 Care of Prints 8 Welder Certification 8 Preparation for Certification 8 Entry Level Welding 8 Unit 2 | Review of Measurement . . . . . . . . . 11 U.S. Customary and Metric Measuring Systems 11 Reading a Fractional Inch Graduated Rule 11 Reading a Decimal Inch Graduated Rule 13 Reading a Metric Graduated Rule 13 Converting Linear Measurements 13 Converting Decimal Fractions to Common Fractions 14 Converting Common Fractions to Decimal Fractions 15 Interpreting Dimensions on Drawings 16 Metric Unit Symbols 16 Reading Inch and Metric Measurements on Drawings 17 Unit 3 | Review of Fractions and Decimals . . .27 Fractions 27 Rules for Using Fractions 28 Adding Fractions 28 Addition Problems (Fractions) 29 Subtracting Fractions 29 Subtraction Problems (Fractions) 29 Multiplying Fractions 29 Multiplication Problems (Fractions) 30 Dividing Fractions 30 Division Problems (Fractions) 30 Decimal Fractions 30 Writing Problems (Decimal Fractions) 31 Adding and Subtracting Decimal Fractions 31 Addition Problems (Decimal Fractions) 31 Subtraction Problems (Decimal Fractions) 31 Multiplying Decimal Fractions 31 Multiplication Problems (Decimal Fractions) 32 Dividing Decimal Fractions 32 Division Problems (Fractions) 32 Additional Information on Decimal Fractions 32 Metrics 33 Metric Addition Problems 34 Metric Subtraction Problems 34 Metric Multiplication Problems 34 Metric Division Problems 34 Conversions 35 Decimal Fraction to Fraction Conversion 35 Decimal Fraction to Fraction Conversion Problems 35 Metric to Decimal Fraction or Fraction Conversion 35 Metric to Decimal Fraction and Fraction Conversion Problems 35 Print Reading Basics Unit 4 | Alphabet of Lines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Types of Lines 39 Visible Line 39 Hidden Line 39 Center Line 42 Section Line 42 Cutting-Plane Line 42 Break Line 43 Dimension and Extension Lines 44 Phantom Line 44 How the Alphabet of Lines Is Used 44 Unit 5 | Understanding Prints . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Multiviews 51 Auxiliary Views 54 Sectional Views 56 Cutting-Plane Line 58 Section Lining 59 Thin Section 60