Contents 9 Copyright by Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Basic Component Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 Testing Connectors | Testing Resistors | Testing Switches | Testing Fuses | Testing Variable Resistors | Testing a Transducer Switch | Testing Capacitors | Testing Diodes | Testing Transistors | Testing Other Components | Electrical Service Chemicals Chapter 10 Review of Safety. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 Electric Shock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 Sources of Shock in the Vehicle | Sources of Shock in the Shop Electrical Burns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 Electrical Fires. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 Rules to Prevent Electrical Fires | In Case of Fire Battery Dangers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 Battery Explosions | Other Rules for Battery Safety Rules for Working with Gasoline . . . . . . . . . . . 196 General Safety Rules. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 Safety Data Sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 Section 2—System Construction and Operation Chapter 11 Automotive Computer Operation. . . . . 203 Cybernetics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 Input: Th e Nervous System | Processor: Th e Brain | Output: Th e Body’s Response Automotive Computer Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 Electronic Control Units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 ECU Locations | Names for Automotive ECUs | Types of ECUs and Modules Sensors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 Sensor Locations | Sensor Classifications | Active and Passive Sensors | Sensor Signals| Types of Sensors | Open and Closed Loop Modes | Circuit Sensing Actuators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 Actuator Classifi cations | Motor Actuator Operation | Solenoid Actuator Operation | Relay Actuator Operation Computer Confi guration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 Microprocessor | Types of Memory | Data Exchange Integrated Computer Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 Serial and Parallel Communication | Network Confi gurations | Network Wiring Chapter 12 Battery Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 Battery Functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 Battery Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 Battery Cell Construction | Battery Case | Battery Terminals | Battery Charge Indicator | Battery Tray and Retainer | Battery Cables Battery Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 Discharging and Charging | Battery Cell Operation | Battery Voltage | Battery Temperature and Effi ciency Types of Lead-Acid Batteries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 Wet- and Dry-Charged Batteries | Maintenance-Free Battery | Gel Battery | Absorbed Glass Mat Battery Battery Ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 Cold Cranking Amps Rating | Reserve Capacity Rating Chapter 13 Starting Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 Major Starting System Parts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 Starting Motor Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 Armature | Magnetic Field Generation | Frames | Overrunning Clutch | Internal Motor Circuits Starting Motor Classifi cations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 Positive Engagement Starter | Solenoid- Actuated Starter | Gear Reduction Starter Starter Solenoids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 Solenoid Construction | Solenoid Operation Starter Relay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 Safety Switches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 Neutral Safety Switch | Clutch Safety Switch Chapter 14 Charging Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 Basic Charging Circuit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260