Scan Tools. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 OBD II Scan Tools | Flasher Modules | Breakout Boxes Starting and Charging System Testers . . . . . . . . 51 Scopes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Pressure Transducers | Scope Sampling Rates Exhaust Gas Analyzers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Dynamometers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Input Sensor and Output Device Testers . . . . . . . 55 Input Sensor Testers | Input Sensor Simulators | Output Device Testers Service Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Factory Service Information | General Service Information | Specialized Service Information | Schematics | Troubleshooting Charts | Technical Service Bulletins | Manufacturer Hotlines | Internet-Based Resources Chapter 4 Automotive Formulas and Vehicle Driveability Evaluation . . . . 63 Automotive Formulas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Horsepower | Gross and Net Horsepower Ratings | Kilowatts | Torque | Th ermal and Mechanical Effi ciency | Practical Effi ciency | Volumetric Effi ciency | Engine Displacement | Compression Ratio | Obtaining Electrical Properties | Temperature Conversion Formulas Vehicle Driveability Evaluation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Objective Evaluation | Subjective Evaluation | Vehicle and System Performance | Component Measurements | Process of Elimination Assessing Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Driver Assessments | Technician Assessments | Mandated Assessments Chapter 5 Fundamentals of Engine Construction and Operation. . . . . . . . . . 73 Four-Stroke Cycle Engine Operation. . . . . . . . . . 74 Engine Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Engine Block | Pistons and Rings | Connecting Rods and Crankshaft | Cylinder Heads | Valves and Related Components | Valve Train | Vibration Damper | Balance Shaft s Engine-Related Systems That Can Affect Driveability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Cooling System | Lubrication System | Gaskets, Seals, and Sealant Chapter 6 Electricity and Electronics Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Electricity and Electronics Basics. . . . . . . . . . . . 94 Atoms and Electricity | Electrical Measurements | Direct and Alternating Current | Types of Electrical Circuits | Circuit Defects | Electromagnetism | Frequency Automotive Electronics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Vehicle Wiring | Circuit-Protection Devices | Terminal and Junction Blocks | Switches | Solenoids and Relays | Motors | Resistors and Resistance Heaters | Capacitors Semiconductor Electronic Components . . . . . . 104 Semiconductor Materials | Other Electronic Components | Integrated Circuits | Static Electricity | Electromagnetic Interference Vehicle Starting and Charging Systems . . . . . . 108 Battery | Starting System | Charging System Integrated Starter/Alternator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Anti-Theft Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Early Systems | Recent Systems Chapter 7 Computer Control Fundamentals . . . . 117 Electronic Engine Control Systems. . . . . . . . . . 118 Electronic Control Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 Multiple ECMs | Main Control Modules | Th irty-Two-Bit ECM | ECM Communications | ECM Internal Components | Specifi c Functions of Computer Control Systems Input Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Types of Sensors | Atmospheric Sensors | Engine Sensors | Knock Sensors | Oxygen Sensors | Drive Train Sensors | Accessory Equipment Sensors | Virtual Sensors Output Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Solenoids | Electric Motors | Electronic Output Devices Control Loop Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Data Link Connector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 Contents 7