xxvii Checking Cooling System Hoses . . . . . . . . . . . 874 Coolant Hose Replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 874 Freeze Plug Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .875 Radiator Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .876 Radiator Removal and Installation . . . . . . . . . .876 Radiator Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .876 Engine Fan Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .877 Electric Fan Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .878 Testing an Electric Fan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .878 Belt-Driven Fan Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .878 Coolant Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .879 Visual Coolant Inspection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .879 Coolant Voltage Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .879 Changing Coolant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .880 Testing Coolant Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .880 Coolant Test Strips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .881 Corrosion of Aluminum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .881 Flushing a Cooling System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .882 Temperature Gauge Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . .882 Supercharger Coolant Service . . . . . . . . . . . .883 Hybrid Cooling System Service . . . . . . . . . . .884 Chapter 49 Lubrication System Fundamentals . . 891 Lubrication System Functions . . . . . . . . . . . .891 Lubrication System Operation. . . . . . . . . . . . .892 Engine Oil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .892 Oil Pan and Sump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .896 Dry Sump Lubrication System . . . . . . . . . . . . .898 Oil Pickup and Screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .898 Oil Pumps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .898 Oil Pump Drives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .899 Multi-Stage Oil Pumps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .900 Pressure Relief Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .900 Oil Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 901 Oil Cooler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .903 Oil Galleries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .903 Oil Spray Nozzles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .904 Positive Crankcase Ventilation System . . . . .904 Oil Pressure Indicator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .905 Oil Pressure Gauge Circuit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .905 Oil Level Sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .906 Low Oil Pressure Safety Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . .906 Variable Camshaft Timing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .906 Variable Camshaft Lift and Duration. . . . . . . . .907 Chapter 50 Lubrication System Diagnosis, Testing, and Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 911 Lubrication System Diagnosis and Repair. . .912 Lubrication System Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . .912 Engine Sludge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .912 Oil Contamination from Water. . . . . . . . . . . . . .912 High Oil Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .912 Low Oil Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .914 High Oil Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .914 Defective Indicator or Gauge . . . . . . . . . . . . . .915 Oil Pressure Test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .915 Engine Oil and Filter Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . .917 Oil and Filter Change Intervals. . . . . . . . . . . . .917 Changing Engine Oil and Filter. . . . . . . . . . . . .917 Oil Pan Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .919 Installing an Engine Oil Pan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .921 Oil Pump Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .922 Oil Pump Removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .922 Oil Pump Rebuild . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .922 Oil Pump Installation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .922 Pressure Relief Valve Service . . . . . . . . . . . . .924 Oil Pressure Indicator and Gauge Service . . .925 PCV Valve Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .926 Camshaft Phaser Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .926 Section 8 Emission Control System Technology Chapter 51 Emission Control System Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 931 Air Pollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .931 Smog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .931 Motor Vehicle Emissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .932 Hydrocarbons (HC). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .932 Carbon Monoxide (CO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .932 Oxides of Nitrogen (NO X ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .933 Particulates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .933 Sources of Vehicle Emissions. . . . . . . . . . . . . .933 Engine Modifications Related to Emission Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .934 Vehicle Emission Control Systems. . . . . . . . .934 Positive Crankcase Ventilation (PCV). . . . . . .935 PCV System Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .935 PCV Valve. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .935 Electric PCV Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .936 Oil/Air Separators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .937 Evaporative Emissions Control Systems. . . .937