xxviii Modern Automotive Technology Evaporative Emissions System Components. .937 Evaporative Emissions Control System Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .938 Enhanced Evaporative Emissions Control System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .939 Enhanced Evaporative Emissions Control System Operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .939 Air Cleaner Carbon Element . . . . . . . . . . . . . .940 Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR). . . . . . . . . .940 Vacuum-Controlled EGR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .940 Electronic-Vacuum EGR Valves . . . . . . . . . . . .941 EGR System Variations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .941 Electronic EGR System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .942 Air Injection System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .944 Air Injection System Components . . . . . . . . . .944 Air Injection System Operation. . . . . . . . . . . . .944 Pulse Air System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .945 Pulse Air System Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .945 Catalytic Converter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .945 Types of Catalytic Converters. . . . . . . . . . . . . .946 Dual-Bed Catalytic Converter Operation . . . . .947 Computerized Emission Control Systems . . .948 Oxygen Sensors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .948 OBD II Emission System Monitoring . . . . . . . .952 Diesel Particulate Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .954 Chapter 52 Emission Control System Testing, Service, and Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 957 Computer-Controlled Emission System Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .957 Scanning Emission Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . .958 Emission Maintenance Reminder . . . . . . . . . .958 Inspecting Emission Control Systems . . . . . .959 Engine Exhaust Gases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .959 Exhaust Gas Analyzer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .959 Types of Exhaust Gas Analyzers . . . . . . . . . . .960 Using an Exhaust Gas Analyzer. . . . . . . . . . . .960 Exhaust Gas Analyzer Readings . . . . . . . . . . .961 State Emissions Testing Programs. . . . . . . . .964 IM 240 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .964 Vehicle Inspection Reports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .965 Drive Trace Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .967 Vacuum Solenoid Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .968 PCV System Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .968 PCV System Testing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .968 Evaporative Emissions System Service. . . . .972 EGR System Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .972 EGR System Testing (Vacuum Type) . . . . . . . .973 EGR System Testing (Electronic Type) . . . . . . .973 Air Injection System Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . .973 Testing Air Injection Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . .973 Pulse Air System Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .975 Catalytic Converter Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .975 Testing Catalytic Converter Efficiency. . . . . . . .976 Catalyst Replacement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .976 Catalytic Converter Replacement. . . . . . . . . . .976 Oxygen Sensor Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .976 Testing Oxygen Sensors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .977 Oxygen Sensor Replacement. . . . . . . . . . . . . .977 OBD II Drive Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .978 Emission Control Information Sticker . . . . . .980 Section 9 Engine Troubleshooting and Performance Chapter 53 Engine Performance and Driveability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 987 Locating Engine Performance Problems . . . .988 Performance Problem Troubleshooting Charts . . .989 Technical Service Bulletins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .989 Other Sources of Service Information . . . . . . .990 Typical Performance Problems . . . . . . . . . . . .991 No-Crank Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .991 No-Start Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .991 Hard Starting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .992 Stalling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .992 Misfiring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .993 Engine Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .994 Rough Idle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .994 Hesitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .995 Stumbling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .996 Surging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .996 Backfiring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .996 Dieseling (After-Running, Run-On). . . . . . . . . .996 Pinging (Spark Knock) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .996 Vapor Lock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .996 Fuel Line Freeze. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .996 Poor Fuel Economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .997 Lack of Engine Power. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .997 Scanning Diesel Engine Problems . . . . . . . . . .997 Vacuum and Pressure Gauge Tests . . . . . . . .997 Vacuum Pump Tests. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .997 Other Engine Performance Problems. . . . . . . .999