xxix Chapter 54 Advanced Diagnostics. . . . . . . . . . . 1003 Advanced Diagnostics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1003 Advanced Scan Tool Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1004 Checking ECM Terminal Values . . . . . . . . . . .1004 Using a Breakout Box. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1006 Isolating Electromagnetic Interference . . . . . .1006 Digital Thermometer Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1006 Dynamometer Testing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1007 Using an Oscilloscope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1008 Diagnostic Laptop Computers and Tablets . . . 1018 Section 10 Engine Service and Repair Chapter 55 Engine Mechanical Problems . . . . 1025 Why Is Diagnosis Important? . . . . . . . . . . . . 1025 Common Engine Mechanical Problems . . . . 1026 Engine Smoke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1026 Engine Pre-Teardown Inspection . . . . . . . . . .1027 Abnormal Engine Noises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1028 Testing Engine Mechanical Conditions . . . . 1029 Cranking Balance Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1029 Compression Test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1030 Wet Compression Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1032 Dynamic Engine Compression Test . . . . . . . .1033 Cylinder Leakage Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1034 Vacuum Test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1034 Cylinder Balance Test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1034 Deciding What Type of Engine Repair Is Needed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1035 Evaluating Engine Mechanical Problems. . . 1035 Engine Gasket Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1035 Cylinder Head Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1035 Valve Train Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1036 Valve Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1036 Camshaft Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1039 Hydraulic Lifter or Tappet Problems . . . . . . . .1040 Rocker Arm Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1040 Valve Spring Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1042 Push Rod Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1042 Timing Mechanism Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . 1043 Cylinder Block Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1043 Connecting Rod Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1045 Piston Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1045 Burned Piston. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1046 Worn Piston Rings and Cylinders. . . . . . . . . .1046 Piston Breakage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1046 Piston Knock. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1047 Piston Pin Knock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1047 Crankshaft and Bearing Problems . . . . . . . . 1048 Rod Bearing Knock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1048 Spun Rod Bearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1049 Main Bearing Knock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1049 Worn Main Bearings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1050 Excess Crankshaft Endplay . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1050 Flywheel Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1050 Crankshaft Vibration Damper Problems . . . . .1050 Engine Mount Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1050 Checking Engine Mounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1050 Intake and Exhaust Manifold Problems . . . . 1051 Chapter 56 Engine Removal, Disassembly, and Cleaning. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1057 Engine Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1057 Identify Engine Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1057 Vehicle Identification Number. . . . . . . . . . . . .1058 Casting Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1059 Part Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1059 Is Engine Removal Necessary?. . . . . . . . . . . 1059 Engine Overhaul . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1061 Parts Replaced or Reconditioned. . . . . . . . . .1061 In-Vehicle Engine Overhaul . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1061 Preparing for Engine Removal . . . . . . . . . . . 1062 Removing Transmission with Engine . . . . . . 1064 Engine Removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1065 Installing Lifting Fixture or Chain . . . . . . . . . .1065 Lifting Engine from Vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1066 Lowering Engine from Vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . .1068 Separating Engine and Transmission/Transaxle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1068 Placing Engine on Engine Stand . . . . . . . . . .1070 Engine Disassembly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1070 Engine Top End Disassembly. . . . . . . . . . . . .1071 Engine Front End Disassembly . . . . . . . . . . .1073 Cylinder Head Disassembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1073 Engine Bottom End Disassembly . . . . . . . . . .1075 Cleaning Engine Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1078 Scrape off Old Gaskets and Hard Deposits. . . .1078 Cleaning Threads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1078 Power Cleaning Tools. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1078 Cleaning Solvents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1080 Media Blasting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1082 Air Blowgun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1082