xxxii Modern Automotive Technology Section 11 Drive Train and Axle Technology Chapter 61 Clutch Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1227 Clutch Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1227 Basic Clutch Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1229 Clutch Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1229 Clutch Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1229 Pilot Bearing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1229 Flywheel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1231 Clutch Disc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1231 Release Bearing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1233 Clutch Housing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1234 Clutch Fork. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1234 Clutch Release Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . .1235 Clutch Start Switch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1237 Automatic Manual Clutch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1237 Hybrid Vehicle Clutch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1238 Hybrid Vehicle Wet Clutch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1239 Hybrid Power Splitter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1239 Chapter 62 Clutch Diagnosis, Service, and Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1245 Diagnosing Clutch Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . .1245 Verify the Clutch Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1245 Common Clutch Part Failures. . . . . . . . . . . . .1246 Servicing a Clutch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1251 Adjusting the Clutch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1252 Removing the Clutch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1253 Inspecting and Cleaning Clutch Parts . . . . . .1254 Installing the Clutch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1257 Engine/Motor-Generator Clutch Service . . .1257 Engine/Motor-Generator Wet Clutch Service . . . 1259 Automated Manual Clutch Service . . . . . . . .1259 Chapter 63 Manual Transmission Technology . . 1265 Basic Transmission Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1265 Purpose of a Manual Transmission. . . . . . . .1266 Gear Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1267 Gear Ratios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1267 Gear Reduction and Overdrive. . . . . . . . . . . .1268 Gear Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1268 Manual Transmission Lubrication . . . . . . . . . .1268 Transmission Bearings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1268 Manual Transmission Construction . . . . . . .1268 Transmission Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1269 Extension Housing and Front Bearing Hub . .1269 Transmission Shafts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1270 Transmission Gears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1270 Transmission Synchronizers. . . . . . . . . . . . . .1273 Shift Forks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1275 Shift Linkage and Shift Lever . . . . . . . . . . . . .1275 Manual Transmission Types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1276 Manual Transmission Power Flow. . . . . . . . .1277 First Gear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1277 Second Gear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1278 Third Gear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1278 Reverse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1278 Neutral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1278 Overdrive Gear. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1278 Speedometer Drive. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1279 Manual Transmission Actuators . . . . . . . . . .1280 Manual Transmission Sensors and Switches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1280 Chapter 64 Manual Transmission Diagnosis, Service, and Repair . . . 1287 Manual Transmission Problem Diagnosis . .1287 Manual Transmission Problems . . . . . . . . . .1288 Gears Grind When Shifting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1288 Transmission Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1288 Transmission Difficult to Shift . . . . . . . . . . . . .1289 Transmission Jumps out of Gear . . . . . . . . . .1289 Transmission Leaks Lubricant . . . . . . . . . . . .1289 Transmission Locked in Gear . . . . . . . . . . . . .1289 Diagnosis Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1289 Transmission Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1289 Manual Transmission Service . . . . . . . . . . . .1289 Manual Transmission Removal. . . . . . . . . . . .1289 Manual Transmission Disassembly. . . . . . . . .1290 Cleaning and Inspecting Parts . . . . . . . . . . . .1291 Replace Worn or Damaged Parts. . . . . . . . . .1292 Transmission Reassembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1293 Transmission Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1294 Chapter 65 Automatic Transmission Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1301 Basic Automatic Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . 1301 Transmitting Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1302 Transmission Housings and Case . . . . . . . . .1302 Torque Converter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1303