xxxiii Automatic Transmission Shafts. . . . . . . . . . . .1306 Planetary Gears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1307 Clutches and Bands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1309 Overrunning Clutches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1312 Hydraulic System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1312 Automatic Transmission Fluid. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1314 Transmission Oil Pump. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1315 Pressure Regulator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1316 Manual Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1316 Shift Valves (Balanced Valves) . . . . . . . . . . . . 1316 Valve Body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1316 Parking Pawl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1316 Automatic Transmission Power Flow . . . . . . 1317 Electronic Transmission Control. . . . . . . . . . 1317 Automatic Transmission Solenoids. . . . . . . . . 1318 Automatic Transmission Designs . . . . . . . . .1321 Chapter 66 Automatic Transmission Diagnosis, Service, and Repair . . . 1325 Automatic Transmission Diagnosis . . . . . . .1325 Preliminary Checks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1327 Road Testing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1328 Shop Testing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1329 Automatic Transmission Maintenance . . . . .1331 Changing Transmission Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . .1332 Fluid Leaks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1333 Automatic Transmission Adjustments . . . . . . .1333 Electronic Control System Service . . . . . . . . .1335 Major Transmission Service . . . . . . . . . . . . .1335 Automatic Transmission Removal. . . . . . . . . .1335 Automatic Transmission Rebuild. . . . . . . . . . .1338 Automatic Transmission Installation . . . . . . . .1338 Chapter 67 Drive Shaft and Transfer Case Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1343 Drive Shaft Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1343 Functions of Drive Shaft Assembly. . . . . . . . .1344 Drive Shaft Operation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1344 Slip Yoke. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1345 Rear Yoke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1345 Drive Shaft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1345 Universal Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1346 Center Support Bearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1348 Driveline Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1349 Hotchkiss Driveline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1350 Torque Tube Driveline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1350 Transfer Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1350 Transfer Case Ranges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1352 All-Wheel Drive. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1353 Chapter 68 Drive Shaft and Transfer Case Diagnosis, Service, and Repair . . . 1357 Drive Shaft Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1357 Drive Shaft Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1357 Drive Shaft Vibration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1358 Drive Shaft Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1358 Measuring Drive Shaft Runout . . . . . . . . . . . .1359 Drive Shaft Balancing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1359 Measuring Driveline Angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1359 Drive Shaft Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1360 Drive Shaft Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1360 Drive Shaft Removal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1360 Universal Joint Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1360 Drive Shaft Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1362 Transfer Case Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1363 Chapter 69 Differential and Rear Drive Axle Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1369 Basic Rear Drive Axle Assembly. . . . . . . . . .1369 Rear Axle Power Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1370 Functions of a Rear Drive Axle. . . . . . . . . . . .1370 Differential Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1370 Pinion Gear and Ring Gear . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1370 Differential Carrier. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1373 Differential Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1373 Spider Gears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1373 Differential Lubricant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1373 Differential Action. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1373 Limited-Slip Differentials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1375 Clutch Pack Differential. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1375 Cone Clutch Differential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1375 Ratchet Differential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1375 Torsen Differential. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1375 Rear Drive Axles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1376 Swing Axles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1376 Differential Breather Tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1379 Front Drive Axle—Four-Wheel-Drive Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1379 Electro-Hydraulic Differential . . . . . . . . . . . . .1379 All-Wheel-Drive Differential. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1382