xxxiv Modern Automotive Technology Chapter 70 Differential and Rear Drive Axle Diagnosis, Service, and Repair . . . 1387 Rear Axle Problem Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . .1387 Eliminate other Problem Sources . . . . . . . . . .1388 Problem Isolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1388 Common Rear Axle Assembly Problems . . . .1388 Differential Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1390 Rear Axle Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1390 Solid Axle Removal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1390 Axle Bearing Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1392 Rear Axle Seal Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1392 Axle Stud Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1392 Rear Axle Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1394 Measuring Axle End Play . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1394 CV Axle Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1394 Differential Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1394 Differential Removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1394 Differential Disassembly and Reassembly . . .1395 Limited-Slip Differential Service . . . . . . . . . . .1396 Differential Measurements and Adjustments . . .1398 Chapter 71 Transaxle and Front Drive Axle Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1407 Transaxle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1407 Transverse Engine Transaxle . . . . . . . . . . . . .1409 Longitudinal Engine Transaxle . . . . . . . . . . . .1409 Manual Transaxle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1409 Manual Transaxle Clutch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1410 Drive Chain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1410 Manual Transaxle Transmission . . . . . . . . . . . 1410 Transaxle Differential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1411 Manual Transaxle Power Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . 1411 Automatic Transaxle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1412 Automatic Transaxle Power Flow . . . . . . . . . . 1412 Transaxle Electronic Controls. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1416 Continuously Variable Transaxle. . . . . . . . . . . 1416 Independent Drive Axle Assembly . . . . . . . . 1416 CV Axle Shafts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1417 CV Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1419 CV Joint Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1421 CV Joint Boots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1422 Chapter 72 Transaxle and Front Drive Axle Diagnosis and Repair . . . . . . . . . . . 1427 Transaxle Problem Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . .1427 On-Board Diagnostics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1428 Manual Transaxle Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1428 Automatic Transaxle Problems . . . . . . . . . . . .1428 Front Drive Axle Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1429 Transaxle Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1430 Checking Transaxle Lubricant . . . . . . . . . . . .1430 Changing Transaxle Fluid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1430 External Transaxle Adjustments . . . . . . . . . . .1431 Front Drive Axle Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1431 Front Drive Axle Removal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1431 Transaxle CV Joint Replacement . . . . . . . . . .1432 Installing a Front Drive Axle . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1437 Transaxle Removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1437 Transaxle Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1439 Transaxle Installation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1439 Transaxle Solenoid Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . .1440 Section 12 Suspension and Steering Technology Chapter 73 Tire, Wheel, and Wheel Bearing Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1449 Tires. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1449 Parts of a Tire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1449 Tire Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1450 Tire Markings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1451 Special Tires and Tire Features . . . . . . . . . . .1454 Asymmetric Tires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1454 Directional Tires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1454 Wheels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1456 Safety Rims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1457 Valve Stems and Cores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1457 Lug Nuts, Studs, and Bolts . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1458 Wheel Weights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1459 Hub and Wheel Bearing Assemblies. . . . . . .1459 Hub and Wheel Bearing Assembly: Tapered Roller Bearings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1459 Hub and Wheel Bearing Assembly: Ball or Straight Roller Bearings . . . . . . . . . . . . .1460 Other Hub and Wheel Bearing Assemblies . . . .1461