xxxv Chapter 74 Tire, Wheel, and Wheel Bearing Diagnosis, Service, and Repair . . . 1467 Tire, Wheel, and Wheel Bearing Diagnosis . . .1467 Tire Impact Damage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1468 Tire Wear Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1468 Tire Inflation Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1468 Tire Vibration Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1470 Tire and Wheel Bearing Noise . . . . . . . . . . . .1470 Wheel Cover and Cap Service. . . . . . . . . . . .1471 Tire Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1471 Periodic Inspection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1471 Checking Tire Inflation Pressure. . . . . . . . . . .1472 Rotating Tires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1472 Torquing Lug Nuts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1473 Replacing Lug Studs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1473 Measuring Tire and Wheel Runout . . . . . . . . 1474 Wheel Balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1474 Wheel Balancing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1474 Wheel Balancing Machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1476 Mounting and Dismounting Tires . . . . . . . . . 1476 Tire Puncture Repair. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1478 Tire Pressure Monitoring System Service. . . .1479 Wheel Bearing Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1480 Servicing Wheel Bearings (Tapered Roller Bearings) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1480 Servicing Wheel Bearings (Ball or Straight Roller Bearings) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1482 Replacing Nonserviceable Hub and Bearing Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1484 Chapter 75 Suspension System Technology . . 1491 Functions of a Suspension System . . . . . . .1491 Basic Suspension System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1492 Types of Suspension Systems . . . . . . . . . . .1492 Independent Suspension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1492 Nonindependent Suspension . . . . . . . . . . . . .1492 Understeer and Oversteer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1493 Lateral Acceleration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1493 Suspension System Springs . . . . . . . . . . . . .1493 Coil Springs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1493 Leaf Springs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1494 Air Springs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1494 Torsion Bars (Springs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1495 Suspension Spring Specifications . . . . . . . . .1495 Suspension System Construction . . . . . . . .1496 Control Arms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1496 Strut Rod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1496 Ball Joints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1496 Shock Absorbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1496 Strut Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1498 Sway Bar (Stabilizer Bar) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1499 Track Rod (Lateral Control Rod). . . . . . . . . . .1499 Jounce Bumpers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1499 Long-Short Arm Suspension. . . . . . . . . . . . .1499 Torsion Bar Suspension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1499 MacPherson Strut Suspension . . . . . . . . . . .1500 Pickup Truck Suspension Systems. . . . . . . .1500 Rear Suspension Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1500 Dead Axle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1502 Semi-Independent Suspension . . . . . . . . . . .1502 Independent Rear Suspension. . . . . . . . . . . .1503 Suspension Leveling Systems . . . . . . . . . . .1503 Manual Suspension Leveling System. . . . . . .1503 Automatic Suspension Leveling System. . . . .1503 Electronic Height Control System. . . . . . . . . .1505 Electronic Suspension System . . . . . . . . . . .1506 Active Suspension System . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1508 Chapter 76 Suspension System Diagnosis and Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1513 Suspension System Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . 1513 Shock Absorber Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1514 Checking Shock Absorber Condition . . . . . . . 1514 Replacing Shock Absorbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1515 Air- and Gas-Charged Shock Service. . . . . . . 1516 Suspension Spring Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1516 Curb Height and Curb Weight . . . . . . . . . . . . 1516 Coil Spring Replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1517 Leaf Spring Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1518 Torsion Bar Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1519 Ball Joint Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1519 Ball Joint Lubrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1519 Checking Ball Joint Wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1520 Ball Joint Replacement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1520 Suspension Bushing Service . . . . . . . . . . . .1522 Checking Bushing Wear. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1523 Bushing Replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1523 MacPherson Strut Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1524 Strut Removal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1525 Strut Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1527 Wheel Alignment Is Needed. . . . . . . . . . . . . .1527 Computerized Suspension Diagnosis . . . . .1527 Height Sensor Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1527 Compressor Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1529