xxxvi Modern Automotive Technology Electronically-Controlled Shock Service. . . . .1529 Chapter 77 Steering System Technology . . . . . 1537 Functions of a Steering System . . . . . . . . . .1537 Basic Steering Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1538 Basic Linkage Steering. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1538 Basic Rack-and-Pinion Steering. . . . . . . . . . .1538 Steering Column Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1539 Ignition Lock and Switch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1539 Locking Steering Wheel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1539 Collapsible Steering Column . . . . . . . . . . . . .1539 Tilt Steering Columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1539 Steering Gear Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1540 Recirculating-Ball Gearbox. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1541 Gearbox Ratio (Steering Gear Reduction) . . .1542 Variable- and Constant-Ratio Gearboxes. . . .1542 Worm-and-Roller Steering Gearbox. . . . . . . .1542 Steering Linkage (Worm-type Gearbox) . . . .1542 Pitman Arm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1542 Center Link (Relay Rod) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1542 Idler Arm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1543 Steering Damper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1543 Tie-Rod Assemblies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1543 Manual Rack-and-Pinion Steering. . . . . . . . .1544 Steering Shaft, Flexible Coupling, and Universal Joint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1544 Rack-and-Pinion Steering Gear . . . . . . . . . . .1544 Rack-and-Pinion Tie-Rod Assemblies . . . . . .1545 Power Steering Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1545 Power Steering Pumps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1547 Pressure-Relief Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1547 Power Steering Hoses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1548 Linkage-Type Power Steering Systems . . . .1548 Power Rack-and-Pinion Steering . . . . . . . . .1550 Power Cylinder and Piston . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1550 Power Rack-and-Pinion Control Valves . . . . .1551 Power Rack-and-Pinion Operation . . . . . . . . .1551 Electronic Steering Assist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1552 Proportional Rack-and-Pinion Power Steering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1554 Four-Wheel Steering Systems. . . . . . . . . . . .1554 Chapter 78 Steering System Diagnosis and Repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1561 Steering System Problem Diagnosis . . . . . .1561 Steering Wheel Play. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1561 Hard Steering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1562 Steering System Noise. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1562 Steering System Maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . .1563 Checking Power Steering Fluid . . . . . . . . . . .1563 Servicing Power Steering Belts . . . . . . . . . . .1564 Steering Column Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1564 Steering Wheel Removal and Replacement . . .1565 Steering Column Joint Replacement . . . . . . .1565 Steering Linkage Service. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1565 Idler Arm Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1565 Tie-Rod Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1566 Inner Tie-Rod End Service—Rack-and-Pinion Steering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1566 Manual Rack-and-Pinion Service . . . . . . . . .1566 Manual Rack-and-Pinion Lubrication . . . . . . .1567 Manual Rack-and-Pinion Gear Adjustment . .1567 Manual Rack-and-Pinion Gear Removal . . . .1567 Manual Rack-and-Pinion Gear Overhaul . . . .1568 Power Steering System Service . . . . . . . . . .1568 Power Steering Leaks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1568 Servicing Power Steering Hoses . . . . . . . . . .1568 Power Steering Pressure Test. . . . . . . . . . . . .1569 Power Steering Pump Service . . . . . . . . . . . .1571 Power Steering Gear Service. . . . . . . . . . . . .1571 Bleeding a Power Steering System . . . . . . . .1571 Electronic Assist Steering Service . . . . . . . . 1574 Chapter 79 Wheel Alignment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1581 Wheel Alignment Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . .1581 Caster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1582 Caster and Road Crown Effect . . . . . . . . . . . .1583 Camber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1583 Camber Settings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1584 Toe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1584 Rear-Wheel-Drive Toe Settings. . . . . . . . . . . .1584 Front-Wheel-Drive Toe Settings . . . . . . . . . . .1584 Steering Axis Inclination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1585 Setback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1585 Toe-Out on Turns (Turning Radius). . . . . . . .1585 Tracking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1585 Prealignment Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1585 Reading Tire Wear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1586 Checking Setback. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1588 Cradle Alignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1588 Adjusting Wheel Alignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1589 Caster Adjustment Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1589 Camber Adjustment Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . .1589 Toe Adjustment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1589 Centering Steering Wheel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1591