xvii CHAPTER 8 Hand Tools........................................... 134 8.1 Clamping Devices .............................................136 8.2 Pliers ................................................................138 8.3 Wrenches ..........................................................139 8.4 Screwdrivers.....................................................144 8.5 Striking Tools ....................................................147 8.6 Arbor Press .......................................................147 CHAPTER 9 Hand Tools That Cut ............................. 152 9.1 Chisels ..............................................................154 9.2 Hacksaws..........................................................155 9.3 Files..................................................................159 9.4 Reaming Tools ..................................................162 9.5 Broaching.........................................................164 CHAPTER 10 Hand Threading................................... 168 10.1 Unifi ed Screw Thread System .........................170 10.2 ISO Metric Screw Thread System .....................172 10.3 Cutting Threads ..............................................173 10.4 Internal Threads .............................................173 10.5 Cutting External Threads ................................177 10.6 Hand Threading Safety...................................179 CHAPTER 11 Fasteners ............................................. 182 11.1 Threaded Fasteners ........................................184 11.2 Nonthreaded Fasteners ..................................191 11.3 Adhesives .......................................................194 SECTION 2 CASTING CHAPTER 12 Sand Casting ....................................... 198 12.1 Industrial Sand Casting ..................................200 12.2 Basic Sand Casting Process .............................203 12.3 Other Sand Casting Processes .........................210 CHAPTER 13 Metal Casting Techniques..................... 214 13.1 Choosing a Casting Technique ........................216 13.2 Casting Processes That Use Expendable Molds .....................................217 13.3 Casting Processes That Use Permanent Molds......................................221 13.4 Rapid Prototyping 3D Printing Techniques .....226 CHAPTER 14 Powder Metallurgy .............................. 232 14.1 Materials and Applications .............................234 14.2 The Powder Metallurgy Process ......................235 14.3 Costs of Powder Metallurgy ............................237 SECTION 3 SHEET METAL AND METAL FORMING CHAPTER 15 Sheet Metal......................................... 240 15.1 Sheet Metal....................................................242 15.2 Patterns..........................................................242 15.3 Cutting Sheet Metal .......................................245 15.4 Bending Sheet Metal......................................248 15.5 Making Common Sheet Metal Joints ..............256 15.6 Fastening Sheet Metal with Rivets .................257 15.7 Sheet Metal Safety .........................................258 CHAPTER 16 Metal Spinning.................................... 260 16.1 Conventional Spinning ...................................262 16.2 Spinning Equipment ......................................263 16.3 Spinning Safety..............................................266 16.4 Spinning Simple Forms ..................................267 16.5 Forming a Bead ..............................................269 16.6 Shear Spinning ...............................................270 16.7 Spinning Deep Forms .....................................270 16.8 Advantages of Spinning .................................271 16.9 Industrial Applications ...................................272