Index 893 polarity, 156 porosity, 176, 197 positioners, 824 positive-pressure torch, 364 postfl ow, 236 postweld heat treatment, 753 powdered metal, 731 powered air purifi er, 21 power sources alternating current, 119–125 classifi cations, 117–118 constant current, 118–132 GMAW and FCAW, 211–213, 273–274 GTAW, 192–196, 236 NEMA arc welding power clas- sifi cations, 133–134 remote controls, 146–147 power tools, 825–826 precipitation-hardening stainless steel, 568–570 precoated steels, 565 prefl ow, 236 preheating, 753 preheating furnace, 821 pressure gauges, 339–341 pressure regulator, 334 principles, 334–341 primary current, 485 primary voltage, 485 primary winding, 485 print reading, 834 procedure specifi cations, 795 process anneal, 759 processes, 73 production of metals basic oxygen process, 713–716 cast iron, 725–727 continuous casting process, 719–723 electric furnace, 716 induction heating, 727 ingot processing, 723–725 manufacturing aluminum, 729–730 manufacturing copper, 727–728 manufacturing copper alloys, brass, and bronze, 729 manufacturing iron and steel, 709–712 manufacturing zinc, 730 open hearth process, 716–719 processing metals, 730–731 safety, 731 stainless steel, 725 steelmaking methods, 712–727 vacuum furnace, 719 program, 678 projection welding (PW), 521–522 equipment, 501–502 proof test, 619 properties of metals, 847–848 protective clothing, 150, 160–161, 228, 349 psig, 88 PSW guns, 514 pulsed arc, 233 pumped, 553 punch, 821 purge switch, 214, 281 push angle, 68, 372 push travel angle, 68 Q qualitative analysis, 790–791 qualities sought by employers, 837–838 quantitative analysis, 791 quick disconnect couplers, 602 R radiation, 160 rated load voltage, 133 rated output current rating, 133 reactance, 500 reaction fl ux, 451 reactive gases, 214, 283 rear view, 37 rectifi ed, 194–195 rectilinear robot, 676 reducing gases, 139 reference line, 56 refractory, 355 refractory oxides, 92, 232, 418 regulator gauge, 370 reinitiate, 195 repairs underwater cracks, 657 welding equipment, 828–829 repeatability, 685 residual stresses, 847 resistance seam welding (RSEW), 522–523 resistance soldering, 449–450 resistance welding, 483 contactors, 491–492 controllers, 490–491 electric machines, 484 electrodes, 492–495 equipment, care, 507 fl ash welding (FW), 524–525 force systems, 487–489 high-frequency, 526 principles, 509–510 processes, 93–96 projection welding (PW), 521–522 safety, 526 schedule, 490 spot welding, 510–521 spot welding machines, 496–501 transformers, 485–487 upset welding (UW), 525–526 right side view, 37 rigid tubing, 601 robots, 674–675 automatic welding equipment, 679 comparing robotic systems, 684–685 controller, 677–679 movements, 676–677 operator controls, 680 programming the robotic system, 680–683 robotic system, 675 robotic system operation, 683–684 safety, 685 welding positioners, 679–680 Rockwell B test, 787 Rockwell C test, 787 rolling mill, 730 root face, 47 root opening, 59 root pass, 51, 180, 608–609 root reinforcement, 48 rosin, 439 rosin-based fl ux, 439 rotor, 125 run-off tab, 170 S safety arc welding and cutting, 27–30 automatic and robotic welding, 685 brazing and braze welding, 478–479 GTAW, 264 heat treatment, 768 oxyfuel gas cutting, 25–27, 429–430 oxyfuel gas welding, 25–27, 392–395 PAC, 311–312 protective clothing and shielding, 160–161